first commit

2026-07-20 10:21:30 +08:00
commit ea832229da
75 changed files with 16864 additions and 0 deletions
--- a/src/App.vue
+++ b/src/App.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { InputNumber, Radio, Tag } from 'ant-design-vue'
+import { computed, onBeforeUnmount, onMounted, ref, watch } from 'vue'
+
+import {
+  WaveformChart,
+  type WaveformAnnotation,
+  type WaveformData,
+  type WaveformDisplayMode,
+  type WaveformInteractionMode,
+  type WaveformSeries,
+} from './components'
+import waveformJson from './data/wData.json'
+
+interface WaveformSourceRow {
+  chnl: string
+  chnl_id: number
+  dat_unit: string
+  data: number[]
+  dev: number
+  shot: number
+  time: number[]
+  time_unit: 'ms'
+}
+
+const importedSourceRows = waveformJson as unknown as WaveformSourceRow[]
+const testChannelRows: WaveformSourceRow[] = importedSourceRows.slice(0, 2).map((row, index) => ({
+  ...row,
+  chnl: `TEST_CH_${index + 1}`,
+  chnl_id: 9001 + index,
+  data: row.data.map(
+    (value, sampleIndex) =>
+      value * (index === 0 ? 0.72 : 1.12) +
+      Math.sin(sampleIndex / (index === 0 ? 11 : 18)) * (index === 0 ? 0.015 : 0.01),
+  ),
+}))
+const sourceRows = [...importedSourceRows, ...testChannelRows]
+const visibleRange = ref<[number, number] | null>(null)
+const displayMode = ref<WaveformDisplayMode>('independent')
+const rowCount = ref(2)
+const columnCount = ref(1)
+const annotations = ref<WaveformAnnotation[]>([])
+const annotationsVisible = ref(true)
+const interactionMode = ref<WaveformInteractionMode>('zoom')
+
+const resolveChartHeight = () =>
+  Math.min(800, Math.max(560, (typeof window === 'undefined' ? 750 : window.innerHeight) - 190))
+const chartHeight = ref(resolveChartHeight())
+
+const waveformSeries: WaveformSeries[] = sourceRows.map((row) => {
+  const pointCount = Math.min(row.time.length, row.data.length)
+  return {
+    id: String(row.chnl_id),
+    name: row.chnl,
+    unit: row.dat_unit,
+    data: {
+      kind: 'points',
+      points: Array.from({ length: pointCount }, (_, index) => ({
+        x: row.time[index] / 1000,
+        y: row.data[index],
+      })),
+    },
+  }
+})
+
+const chartData: WaveformData = { kind: 'series', series: waveformSeries }
+const totalPointCount = waveformSeries.reduce((total, series) => {
+  const seriesPointCount =
+    series.data.kind === 'points' ? series.data.points.length : series.data.values.length
+  return total + seriesPointCount
+}, 0)
+const initialTimeRange: [number, number] = [
+  Math.min(...sourceRows.flatMap((row) => row.time)) / 1000,
+  Math.max(...sourceRows.flatMap((row) => row.time)) / 1000,
+]
+const displayedRange = computed(() => visibleRange.value ?? initialTimeRange)
+const formatMilliseconds = (seconds: number) =>
+  (seconds * 1000).toLocaleString('zh-CN', { maximumFractionDigits: 1 })
+
+function updateChartHeight() {
+  chartHeight.value = resolveChartHeight()
+}
+
+watch(displayMode, () => {
+  visibleRange.value = null
+})
+
+watch([rowCount, columnCount], () => {
+  visibleRange.value = null
+})
+
+onMounted(() => {
+  window.addEventListener('resize', updateChartHeight)
+})
+
+onBeforeUnmount(() => {
+  window.removeEventListener('resize', updateChartHeight)
+})
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <main class="workspace">
+    <header class="workspace__header">
+      <div>
+        <p class="workspace__eyebrow">Vue 3 · TypeScript · D3</p>
+        <h1>波形分析组件</h1>
+      </div>
+    </header>
+
+    <section class="control-bar" aria-label="波形图控制与摘要">
+      <div class="control-bar__leading">
+        <Tag color="blue">真实 + 测试数据</Tag>
+        <Radio.Group
+          v-model:value="displayMode"
+          class="display-mode-control"
+          button-style="solid"
+          size="small"
+          aria-label="波形展示方式"
+        >
+          <Radio.Button value="independent">单独坐标</Radio.Button>
+          <Radio.Button value="separated">多道分离</Radio.Button>
+          <Radio.Button value="compact">多道紧凑</Radio.Button>
+        </Radio.Group>
+        <div class="grid-size-control" aria-label="波形网格尺寸">
+          <span>网格</span>
+          <InputNumber v-model:value="rowCount" :min="1" :max="10" size="small" />
+          <span>行 ×</span>
+          <InputNumber v-model:value="columnCount" :min="1" :max="10" size="small" />
+          <span>列</span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="metrics">
+        <span>{{ sourceRows.length }} 通道</span>
+        <span>{{ totalPointCount.toLocaleString() }} 数据点</span>
+        <span>{{ annotations.length }} 标注</span>
+        <span>炮号 {{ sourceRows[0]?.shot }}</span>
+        <span>设备 {{ sourceRows[0]?.dev }}</span>
+        <span>
+          范围 {{ formatMilliseconds(displayedRange[0]) }}–{{
+            formatMilliseconds(displayedRange[1])
+          }}
+          ms
+        </span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <section class="chart-panel">
+      <WaveformChart
+        :data="chartData"
+        :display-mode="displayMode"
+        :grid="{ rowCount, columnCount, showPagination: true }"
+        :height="chartHeight"
+        :frame-number="1"
+        v-model:annotations="annotations"
+        v-model:annotations-visible="annotationsVisible"
+        v-model:interaction-mode="interactionMode"
+        @zoom-change="visibleRange = $event"
+      />
+    </section>
+  </main>
+</template>
--- a/src/components/WaveformChart.test.ts
+++ b/src/components/WaveformChart.test.ts
--- a/src/components/WaveformChart.vue
+++ b/src/components/WaveformChart.vue
--- a/src/components/annotation/WaveformAnnotationContextMenu.vue
+++ b/src/components/annotation/WaveformAnnotationContextMenu.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+interface Props {
+  visible: boolean
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  canEdit: boolean
+}
+
+const props = defineProps<Props>()
+const emit = defineEmits<{
+  (event: 'edit'): void
+  (event: 'delete'): void
+  (event: 'close'): void
+}>()
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <div
+    v-if="props.visible && props.canEdit"
+    class="waveform-annotation-context-menu"
+    :style="{ left: `${props.x}px`, top: `${props.y}px` }"
+    role="menu"
+    @contextmenu.prevent
+  >
+    <button type="button" role="menuitem" @click="emit('edit')">编辑标注</button>
+    <button type="button" role="menuitem" @click="emit('delete')">删除标注</button>
+    <button type="button" role="menuitem" @click="emit('close')">取消</button>
+  </div>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.waveform-annotation-context-menu {
+  position: absolute;
+  z-index: 30;
+  display: grid;
+  min-width: 112px;
+  padding: 4px;
+  background: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #dfe5ef;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgb(16 24 40 / 16%);
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-context-menu button {
+  padding: 7px 10px;
+  color: #344054;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  text-align: left;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  background: transparent;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 3px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-context-menu button:hover {
+  background: #f2f4f7;
+}
+</style>
--- a/src/components/annotation/WaveformAnnotationEditor.vue
+++ b/src/components/annotation/WaveformAnnotationEditor.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed, defineAsyncComponent, nextTick, ref, useId, watch } from 'vue'
+
+import type { WaveformAnnotation } from '../../types'
+import { formatAnnotationTime, formatPlainNumber, type TimeUnit } from '../../utils'
+import { ANNOTATION_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH, resolveAnnotationStyle } from './markup'
+import type { AnnotationSeriesCandidate, AnnotationSeriesInfo } from './types'
+
+const ColorPicker = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
+  await import('vue3-colorpicker/style.css')
+  return (await import('vue3-colorpicker')).ColorPicker
+})
+
+interface Props {
+  annotation: WaveformAnnotation
+  mode: 'add' | 'edit'
+  series?: AnnotationSeriesInfo
+  seriesOptions?: AnnotationSeriesCandidate[]
+  timeUnit?: TimeUnit
+}
+
+const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
+  timeUnit: 'ms',
+})
+const emit = defineEmits<{
+  (event: 'confirm', annotation: WaveformAnnotation): void
+  (event: 'cancel'): void
+  (event: 'series-change', seriesId: string): void
+}>()
+
+const textarea = ref<HTMLTextAreaElement>()
+const dialogTitleId = `waveform-annotation-editor-title-${useId()}`
+const text = ref('')
+const borderColor = ref('')
+const textColor = ref('')
+const backgroundColor = ref('')
+const canConfirm = computed(() => text.value.trim().length > 0)
+const characterCount = computed(() => text.value.length)
+const selectedSeries = computed(() => {
+  const option = props.seriesOptions?.find(
+    (candidate) => candidate.seriesId === props.annotation.seriesId,
+  )
+  return option
+    ? { id: option.seriesId, name: option.name, color: option.color, unit: option.unit }
+    : props.series
+})
+
+function hydrate() {
+  const style = resolveAnnotationStyle(props.annotation.style)
+  text.value = props.annotation.text
+  borderColor.value = style.borderColor
+  textColor.value = style.textColor
+  backgroundColor.value = style.backgroundColor
+  void nextTick(() => textarea.value?.focus())
+}
+
+watch(() => props.annotation, hydrate, { immediate: true })
+
+function confirm() {
+  if (!canConfirm.value) return
+  emit('confirm', {
+    ...props.annotation,
+    text: text.value.trim(),
+    style: {
+      borderColor: borderColor.value,
+      textColor: textColor.value,
+      backgroundColor: backgroundColor.value.trim() || 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92)',
+    },
+  })
+}
+
+function handleKeydown(event: KeyboardEvent) {
+  if (event.key === 'Escape') emit('cancel')
+  if (event.key === 'Enter' && (event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey)) {
+    event.preventDefault()
+    confirm()
+  }
+}
+
+function handleSeriesChange(event: Event) {
+  const select = event.target as HTMLSelectElement
+  if (select.value) emit('series-change', select.value)
+}
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <div
+    class="waveform-annotation-editor"
+    role="dialog"
+    aria-modal="true"
+    :aria-labelledby="dialogTitleId"
+    @click.self="emit('cancel')"
+  >
+    <section class="waveform-annotation-editor__panel">
+      <header class="waveform-annotation-editor__header">
+        <div>
+          <h2 :id="dialogTitleId">
+            {{ props.mode === 'add' ? '添加标注' : '编辑标注' }}
+          </h2>
+        </div>
+        <button
+          type="button"
+          class="waveform-annotation-editor__close"
+          aria-label="关闭标注编辑器"
+          title="关闭"
+          @click="emit('cancel')"
+        >
+          ×
+        </button>
+      </header>
+
+      <div class="waveform-annotation-editor__coordinates" aria-label="标注坐标">
+        <span
+          ><b>X ({{ props.timeUnit }})</b
+          ><code>{{ formatAnnotationTime(props.annotation.x, props.timeUnit) }}</code></span
+        >
+        <span
+          ><b>Y</b><code>{{ formatPlainNumber(props.annotation.y) }}</code></span
+        >
+      </div>
+
+      <label
+        v-if="selectedSeries"
+        class="waveform-annotation-editor__series"
+        aria-label="标注所属波形"
+      >
+        <i :style="{ backgroundColor: selectedSeries.color }" aria-hidden="true" />
+        <span class="waveform-annotation-editor__series-label">
+          <small>标注波形</small>
+          <b>{{ selectedSeries.name }}</b>
+        </span>
+        <select
+          v-if="props.seriesOptions?.length"
+          :value="props.annotation.seriesId"
+          aria-label="选择标注波形"
+          @change="handleSeriesChange"
+        >
+          <option
+            v-for="candidate in props.seriesOptions"
+            :key="candidate.seriesId"
+            :value="candidate.seriesId"
+          >
+            {{ candidate.name }}{{ candidate.unit ? ` (${candidate.unit})` : '' }}
+          </option>
+        </select>
+        <code v-else-if="selectedSeries.unit">{{ selectedSeries.unit }}</code>
+      </label>
+
+      <label class="waveform-annotation-editor__field">
+        <span class="waveform-annotation-editor__label-row">
+          <b>标注文本</b>
+          <small>{{ characterCount }}/{{ ANNOTATION_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH }}</small>
+        </span>
+        <textarea
+          ref="textarea"
+          v-model="text"
+          rows="4"
+          :maxlength="ANNOTATION_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH"
+          aria-label="标注文本"
+          placeholder="输入这处波形的说明"
+          @keydown="handleKeydown"
+        />
+      </label>
+
+      <fieldset class="waveform-annotation-editor__colors">
+        <legend>颜色与透明度</legend>
+        <label class="waveform-annotation-editor__color-field" title="调整标注边框色和透明度">
+          <span>边框色</span>
+          <ColorPicker
+            v-model:pure-color="borderColor"
+            aria-label="标注边框色"
+            use-type="pure"
+            picker-type="chrome"
+            format="rgb"
+            :disable-alpha="false"
+            :blur-close="true"
+          />
+        </label>
+        <label class="waveform-annotation-editor__color-field" title="调整标注文字色和透明度">
+          <span>文字色</span>
+          <ColorPicker
+            v-model:pure-color="textColor"
+            aria-label="标注文字色"
+            use-type="pure"
+            picker-type="chrome"
+            format="rgb"
+            :disable-alpha="false"
+            :blur-close="true"
+          />
+        </label>
+        <label class="waveform-annotation-editor__color-field" title="调整标注背景色和透明度">
+          <span>背景色</span>
+          <ColorPicker
+            v-model:pure-color="backgroundColor"
+            aria-label="标注背景色"
+            use-type="pure"
+            picker-type="chrome"
+            format="rgb"
+            :disable-alpha="false"
+            :blur-close="true"
+          />
+        </label>
+      </fieldset>
+
+      <footer class="waveform-annotation-editor__actions">
+        <button type="button" @click="emit('cancel')">取消</button>
+        <button type="button" class="is-primary" :disabled="!canConfirm" @click="confirm">
+          保存标注
+        </button>
+      </footer>
+    </section>
+  </div>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.waveform-annotation-editor {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  z-index: 40;
+  display: grid;
+  place-items: center;
+  padding: 20px;
+  background: rgb(16 24 40 / 32%);
+  animation: waveform-annotation-editor-fade-in 160ms ease-out;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__panel {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 20px;
+  width: min(440px, 100%);
+  max-height: 100%;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  padding: 22px;
+  color: #344054;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  background: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #e4e7ec;
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  box-shadow: 0 20px 50px rgb(16 24 40 / 22%);
+  animation: waveform-annotation-editor-rise-in 180ms ease-out;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__header {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: flex-start;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 16px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__header h2 {
+  margin: 0;
+  color: #101828;
+  font-size: 18px;
+  line-height: 1.3;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__header p {
+  margin: 5px 0 0;
+  color: #667085;
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__close {
+  display: inline-grid;
+  flex: 0 0 30px;
+  width: 30px;
+  height: 30px;
+  padding: 0;
+  place-items: center;
+  color: #667085;
+  font-size: 22px;
+  line-height: 1;
+  background: transparent;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__close:hover {
+  color: #101828;
+  background: #f2f4f7;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__coordinates {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__coordinates span {
+  display: flex;
+  min-width: 0;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  padding: 9px 10px;
+  color: #667085;
+  background: #f8fafc;
+  border: 1px solid #eaecf0;
+  border-radius: 7px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__coordinates b {
+  color: #1677ff;
+  font-size: 11px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__coordinates code {
+  min-width: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: #344054;
+  font-family: 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__series {
+  display: flex;
+  min-width: 0;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+  padding: 9px 10px;
+  background: #f8fafc;
+  border: 1px solid #eaecf0;
+  border-radius: 7px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__series i {
+  flex: 0 0 12px;
+  width: 12px;
+  height: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgb(0 0 0 / 12%);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__series-label {
+  display: grid;
+  min-width: 0;
+  gap: 1px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__series select {
+  min-width: 0;
+  max-width: 190px;
+  margin-left: auto;
+  padding: 5px 7px;
+  color: #344054;
+  font: inherit;
+  background: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #d0d5dd;
+  border-radius: 5px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__series small {
+  color: #667085;
+  font-size: 10px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__series b {
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: #344054;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__series code {
+  margin-left: auto;
+  color: #667085;
+  font-size: 11px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__field,
+.waveform-annotation-editor__color-field {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 4px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__label-row {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__label-row b,
+.waveform-annotation-editor__colors legend {
+  color: #344054;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__label-row small {
+  color: #98a2b3;
+  font-size: 11px;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor textarea {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  width: 100%;
+  min-height: 92px;
+  padding: 10px 11px;
+  color: #1d2939;
+  font: inherit;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  background: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #d0d5dd;
+  border-radius: 7px;
+  resize: vertical;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor textarea:focus {
+  border-color: #1677ff;
+  outline: 3px solid rgb(22 119 255 / 14%);
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__colors {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
+  gap: 12px;
+  min-width: 0;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 14px 0 0;
+  border: 0;
+  border-top: 1px solid #eaecf0;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__colors legend {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__color-field {
+  align-items: stretch;
+  min-width: 0;
+  justify-items: stretch;
+  color: #667085;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__color-field :deep(.vc-color-wrap) {
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 34px;
+  margin-right: 0;
+  border: 1px solid #cfd5df;
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px rgb(255 255 255 / 38%);
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__color-field :deep(.vc-color-wrap:hover) {
+  border-color: #98a2b3;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgb(22 119 255 / 12%);
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__actions {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: flex-end;
+  gap: 8px;
+  padding-top: 2px;
+  border-top: 1px solid #eaecf0;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__actions button {
+  height: 34px;
+  padding: 0 12px;
+  color: #475467;
+  background: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #d0d5dd;
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__actions button.is-primary {
+  color: #fff;
+  background: #1677ff;
+  border-color: #1677ff;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-editor__actions button:disabled {
+  opacity: 0.45;
+  cursor: not-allowed;
+}
+
+@keyframes waveform-annotation-editor-fade-in {
+  from {
+    opacity: 0;
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 1;
+  }
+}
+
+@keyframes waveform-annotation-editor-rise-in {
+  from {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: translateY(8px) scale(0.98);
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translateY(0) scale(1);
+  }
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 420px) {
+  .waveform-annotation-editor {
+    padding: 12px;
+  }
+
+  .waveform-annotation-editor__panel {
+    gap: 16px;
+    padding: 18px;
+  }
+
+  .waveform-annotation-editor__coordinates {
+    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
+  }
+}
+</style>
--- a/src/components/annotation/WaveformAnnotationLayer.vue
+++ b/src/components/annotation/WaveformAnnotationLayer.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import type { RenderedAnnotation } from './types'
+import { ANNOTATION_TEXT_FONT, ANNOTATION_TEXT_LINE_HEIGHT } from './markup'
+
+interface Props {
+  annotations: RenderedAnnotation[]
+  visible: boolean
+}
+
+const props = defineProps<Props>()
+const emit = defineEmits<{
+  (event: 'contextmenu', annotationId: string, mouseEvent: MouseEvent): void
+}>()
+
+function handleContextMenu(annotationId: string, event: MouseEvent) {
+  event.preventDefault()
+  event.stopPropagation()
+  emit('contextmenu', annotationId, event)
+}
+
+function markerId(annotationId: string) {
+  return `waveform-annotation-arrow-${annotationId.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_-]/g, '-')}`
+}
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <g v-if="props.visible" class="waveform-annotation-layer">
+    <g
+      v-for="rendered in props.annotations"
+      :key="rendered.annotation.id"
+      class="waveform-annotation"
+      :data-annotation-id="rendered.annotation.id"
+      :data-placement="rendered.placement"
+      @contextmenu="handleContextMenu(rendered.annotation.id, $event)"
+    >
+      <defs>
+        <marker
+          :id="markerId(rendered.annotation.id)"
+          markerWidth="8"
+          markerHeight="8"
+          refX="8"
+          refY="4"
+          orient="auto"
+          markerUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
+        >
+          <path d="M0,0 L8,4 L0,8 Z" :fill="rendered.style.borderColor" />
+        </marker>
+      </defs>
+      <line
+        class="waveform-annotation__arrow"
+        :x1="rendered.box.lineEndX"
+        :y1="rendered.box.lineEndY"
+        :x2="rendered.anchorX"
+        :y2="rendered.anchorY"
+        :stroke="rendered.style.borderColor"
+        :marker-end="`url(#${markerId(rendered.annotation.id)})`"
+      />
+      <rect
+        class="waveform-annotation__box"
+        :x="rendered.box.x"
+        :y="rendered.box.y"
+        :width="rendered.box.width"
+        :height="rendered.box.height"
+        :fill="rendered.style.backgroundColor"
+        :stroke="rendered.style.borderColor"
+      />
+      <text
+        class="waveform-annotation__text"
+        :x="rendered.box.x + rendered.box.width / 2"
+        :y="
+          rendered.box.y +
+          rendered.box.height / 2 -
+          ((rendered.lines.length - 1) * ANNOTATION_TEXT_LINE_HEIGHT) / 2
+        "
+        :fill="rendered.style.textColor"
+        :style="{ font: ANNOTATION_TEXT_FONT }"
+        text-anchor="middle"
+        dominant-baseline="central"
+      >
+        <tspan
+          v-for="(line, index) in rendered.lines"
+          :key="`${rendered.annotation.id}-${index}`"
+          :x="rendered.box.x + rendered.box.width / 2"
+          :dy="index === 0 ? 0 : ANNOTATION_TEXT_LINE_HEIGHT"
+        >
+          {{ line }}
+        </tspan>
+      </text>
+    </g>
+  </g>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.waveform-annotation-layer {
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation {
+  pointer-events: auto;
+  cursor: context-menu;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation__arrow {
+  stroke-width: 2;
+  stroke-linecap: round;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation__box {
+  stroke-width: 1;
+  rx: 3;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation__text {
+  pointer-events: none;
+  user-select: none;
+}
+</style>
--- a/src/components/annotation/WaveformAnnotationToolbar.vue
+++ b/src/components/annotation/WaveformAnnotationToolbar.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import type { WaveformInteractionMode } from '../../types'
+
+interface Props {
+  interactionMode?: WaveformInteractionMode
+  annotationsVisible: boolean
+}
+
+const props = defineProps<Props>()
+const emit = defineEmits<{
+  (event: 'update:interaction-mode', mode: WaveformInteractionMode): void
+  (event: 'update:annotations-visible', visible: boolean): void
+}>()
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <div class="waveform-annotation-toolbar" role="toolbar" aria-label="波形标注工具">
+    <button
+      type="button"
+      :class="{ 'is-active': props.interactionMode === 'zoom' }"
+      aria-label="缩放模式"
+      title="缩放模式"
+      @click="emit('update:interaction-mode', 'zoom')"
+    >
+      缩放
+    </button>
+    <button
+      type="button"
+      :class="{ 'is-active': props.interactionMode === 'annotation' }"
+      aria-label="添加标注"
+      title="添加标注"
+      @click="emit('update:interaction-mode', 'annotation')"
+    >
+      标注
+    </button>
+    <button
+      type="button"
+      :class="{ 'is-active': props.annotationsVisible }"
+      :aria-pressed="props.annotationsVisible"
+      :aria-label="props.annotationsVisible ? '隐藏标注' : '显示标注'"
+      title="显示/隐藏标注"
+      @click="emit('update:annotations-visible', !props.annotationsVisible)"
+    >
+      {{ props.annotationsVisible ? '隐藏' : '显示' }}
+    </button>
+  </div>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.waveform-annotation-toolbar {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 8px;
+  right: 8px;
+  z-index: 10;
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 4px;
+  padding: 5px;
+  background: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #dfe5ef;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgb(0 0 0 / 8%);
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-toolbar button {
+  min-width: 42px;
+  height: 28px;
+  padding: 0 7px;
+  color: #667085;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  background: transparent;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 3px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.waveform-annotation-toolbar button:hover,
+.waveform-annotation-toolbar button.is-active {
+  color: #1677ff;
+  background: #e6f4ff;
+}
+</style>
--- a/src/components/annotation/components.test.ts
+++ b/src/components/annotation/components.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+import { flushPromises, mount } from '@vue/test-utils'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+import { ColorPicker } from 'vue3-colorpicker'
+
+import WaveformAnnotationContextMenu from './WaveformAnnotationContextMenu.vue'
+import WaveformAnnotationEditor from './WaveformAnnotationEditor.vue'
+import WaveformAnnotationLayer from './WaveformAnnotationLayer.vue'
+import WaveformAnnotationToolbar from './WaveformAnnotationToolbar.vue'
+
+describe('waveform annotation controls', () => {
+  it('allows changing the annotation series inside the editor', async () => {
+    const wrapper = mount(WaveformAnnotationEditor, {
+      props: {
+        annotation: { id: 'note', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 2, text: '说明' },
+        mode: 'edit',
+        series: { id: 'a', name: '通道 A', color: '#f00', unit: 'V' },
+        seriesOptions: [
+          {
+            trackIndex: 0,
+            seriesId: 'a',
+            name: '通道 A',
+            color: '#f00',
+            unit: 'V',
+            point: { x: 1, y: 2 },
+            screenX: 100,
+            screenY: 50,
+            distance: 0,
+            xValue: 1,
+          },
+          {
+            trackIndex: 1,
+            seriesId: 'b',
+            name: '通道 B',
+            color: '#00f',
+            unit: 'A',
+            point: { x: 1, y: 3 },
+            screenX: 100,
+            screenY: 60,
+            distance: 10,
+            xValue: 1,
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    })
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(
+      (wrapper.get('select[aria-label="选择标注波形"]').element as HTMLSelectElement).value,
+    ).toBe('a')
+    await wrapper.get('select[aria-label="选择标注波形"]').setValue('b')
+    expect(wrapper.emitted('series-change')).toEqual([['b']])
+    expect(wrapper.get('.waveform-annotation-editor__series').text()).toContain('通道 A')
+  })
+
+  it('emits controlled toolbar changes', async () => {
+    const wrapper = mount(WaveformAnnotationToolbar, {
+      props: { interactionMode: 'zoom', annotationsVisible: true },
+    })
+
+    await wrapper.get('button[aria-label="添加标注"]').trigger('click')
+    await wrapper.get('button[aria-label="隐藏标注"]').trigger('click')
+
+    expect(wrapper.emitted('update:interaction-mode')).toEqual([['annotation']])
+    expect(wrapper.emitted('update:annotations-visible')).toEqual([[false]])
+  })
+
+  it('validates text and emits an immutable edited annotation with style defaults', async () => {
+    const annotation = { id: 'note', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 2, text: '' }
+    const wrapper = mount(WaveformAnnotationEditor, {
+      props: { annotation, mode: 'add' },
+    })
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(wrapper.get('textarea').attributes('maxlength')).toBe('40')
+    expect(wrapper.get('.waveform-annotation-editor__coordinates').text()).toContain(
+      'X (ms)1000.000',
+    )
+    expect(wrapper.get('.waveform-annotation-editor__coordinates').text()).toContain('Y2')
+    expect(wrapper.get('button.is-primary').attributes('disabled')).toBeDefined()
+    const colorPickers = wrapper.findAllComponents(ColorPicker)
+    expect(colorPickers).toHaveLength(3)
+    expect(wrapper.findAll('.waveform-annotation-editor__color-field')).toHaveLength(3)
+    expect(colorPickers.map((picker) => picker.props('pureColor'))).toEqual([
+      '#1677ff',
+      '#333333',
+      'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92)',
+    ])
+    colorPickers.forEach((picker) => {
+      expect(picker.props()).toMatchObject({
+        useType: 'pure',
+        pickerType: 'chrome',
+        format: 'rgb',
+        disableAlpha: false,
+        blurClose: true,
+      })
+    })
+
+    await wrapper.get('textarea').setValue('新标注')
+    colorPickers[0].vm.$emit('update:pureColor', 'rgba(22, 119, 255, 0.7)')
+    colorPickers[1].vm.$emit('update:pureColor', 'rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8)')
+    colorPickers[2].vm.$emit('update:pureColor', 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
+    await wrapper.vm.$nextTick()
+    await wrapper.get('button.is-primary').trigger('click')
+
+    const emitted = wrapper.emitted('confirm')?.[0]?.[0] as
+      | {
+          text: string
+          style?: { borderColor?: string; textColor?: string; backgroundColor?: string }
+        }
+      | undefined
+    expect(emitted).toMatchObject({
+      text: '新标注',
+      style: {
+        borderColor: 'rgba(22, 119, 255, 0.7)',
+        textColor: 'rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8)',
+        backgroundColor: 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)',
+      },
+    })
+    expect(annotation.text).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('formats annotation coordinates using the selected display context', () => {
+    const wrapper = mount(WaveformAnnotationEditor, {
+      props: {
+        annotation: { id: 'note', seriesId: 'series', x: 1, y: 0.0000001, text: '说明' },
+        mode: 'edit',
+        timeUnit: 's',
+      },
+    })
+
+    const coordinates = wrapper.get('.waveform-annotation-editor__coordinates').text()
+    expect(coordinates).toContain('X (s)1.000')
+    expect(coordinates).toContain('Y0.0000001')
+    expect(coordinates).not.toContain('e-')
+  })
+
+  it('hydrates hexadecimal and rgba annotation colors', async () => {
+    const wrapper = mount(WaveformAnnotationEditor, {
+      props: {
+        annotation: {
+          id: 'colored-note',
+          seriesId: 'a',
+          x: 1,
+          y: 2,
+          text: '已有标注',
+          style: {
+            borderColor: '#ff0000',
+            textColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)',
+            backgroundColor: 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4)',
+          },
+        },
+        mode: 'edit',
+      },
+    })
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(
+      wrapper.findAllComponents(ColorPicker).map((picker) => picker.props('pureColor')),
+    ).toEqual(['#ff0000', 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)', 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4)'])
+  })
+
+  it('supports modal dismissal and live character counting', async () => {
+    const editor = mount(WaveformAnnotationEditor, {
+      props: {
+        annotation: { id: 'note', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 2, text: '原文字' },
+        mode: 'edit',
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(editor.get('[role="dialog"]').attributes('aria-modal')).toBe('true')
+    expect(editor.get('h2').text()).toBe('编辑标注')
+    await editor.get('textarea').setValue('三字说明')
+    expect(editor.get('.waveform-annotation-editor__label-row').text()).toContain('4/40')
+
+    await editor.get('textarea').trigger('keydown', { key: 'Escape' })
+    await editor.get('.waveform-annotation-editor').trigger('click')
+    expect(editor.emitted('cancel')).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+
+  it('supports cancellation and context menu actions', async () => {
+    const editor = mount(WaveformAnnotationEditor, {
+      props: {
+        annotation: { id: 'note', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 2, text: '原文字' },
+        mode: 'edit',
+      },
+    })
+    await editor.findAll('button')[0].trigger('click')
+    expect(editor.emitted('cancel')).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    const menu = mount(WaveformAnnotationContextMenu, {
+      props: { visible: true, x: 10, y: 20, canEdit: true },
+    })
+    await menu.findAll('button')[0].trigger('click')
+    await menu.findAll('button')[1].trigger('click')
+    expect(menu.emitted('edit')).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(menu.emitted('delete')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('centers single-line and multiline annotation text inside its box', () => {
+    const wrapper = mount(WaveformAnnotationLayer, {
+      props: {
+        visible: true,
+        annotations: [
+          {
+            annotation: { id: 'centered', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 2, text: '第一行\n第二行' },
+            trackIndex: 0,
+            anchorX: 80,
+            anchorY: 80,
+            placement: 'top',
+            lines: ['第一行', '第二行'],
+            box: { x: 20, y: 20, width: 80, height: 42, lineEndX: 60, lineEndY: 62 },
+            style: {
+              borderColor: '#1677ff',
+              textColor: '#333333',
+              backgroundColor: '#ffffff',
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    })
+
+    const text = wrapper.get('.waveform-annotation__text')
+    expect(text.attributes('text-anchor')).toBe('middle')
+    expect(text.attributes('dominant-baseline')).toBe('central')
+    expect(text.attributes('x')).toBe('60')
+    expect(text.attributes('y')).toBe('33')
+    expect(wrapper.findAll('tspan').map((line) => line.attributes('x'))).toEqual(['60', '60'])
+  })
+})
--- a/src/components/annotation/index.ts
+++ b/src/components/annotation/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+export { default as WaveformAnnotationLayer } from './WaveformAnnotationLayer.vue'
+export { default as WaveformAnnotationToolbar } from './WaveformAnnotationToolbar.vue'
+export { default as WaveformAnnotationContextMenu } from './WaveformAnnotationContextMenu.vue'
+export * from './markup'
+export * from './types'
+export * from './useWaveformAnnotationInteraction'
--- a/src/components/annotation/markup.test.ts
+++ b/src/components/annotation/markup.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+import { scaleLinear } from 'd3'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { WaveformAnnotation } from '../../types'
+import {
+  ANNOTATION_TEXT_HORIZONTAL_PADDING,
+  ANNOTATION_TEXT_PADDING,
+  ANNOTATION_TEXT_VERTICAL_PADDING,
+  findAnnotationSeriesCandidates,
+  findNearestAnnotationPoint,
+  interpolateAnnotationPoint,
+  layoutAnnotations,
+  resolveAnnotationStyle,
+  wrapAnnotationText,
+} from './markup'
+import type { AnnotationTrackLayout } from './types'
+
+const createTrack = (
+  index: number,
+  id: string,
+  top: number,
+  points: Array<{ x: number; y: number }>,
+  height = 100,
+): AnnotationTrackLayout => ({
+  index,
+  series: { id, points },
+  top,
+  height,
+  xScale: scaleLinear([0, 2], [0, 200]),
+  yScale: scaleLinear([0, 10], [height, 0]),
+})
+
+describe('waveform annotation markup', () => {
+  it('interpolates a line value at the pointer X', () => {
+    expect(interpolateAnnotationPoint([{ x: 0, y: 0 }, { x: 2, y: 10 }], 1)).toEqual({
+      x: 1,
+      y: 5,
+    })
+    expect(interpolateAnnotationPoint([{ x: 0, y: 0 }, { x: 2, y: 10 }], 3)).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('sorts line candidates by screen distance and keeps series metadata', () => {
+    const first = createTrack(0, 'first', 0, [
+      { x: 0, y: 0 },
+      { x: 2, y: 10 },
+    ])
+    first.series.name = '第一通道'
+    first.series.color = '#f00'
+    first.series.unit = 'V'
+    const second = createTrack(1, 'second', 0, [
+      { x: 0, y: 4 },
+      { x: 2, y: 8 },
+    ])
+    const candidates = findAnnotationSeriesCandidates([first, second], 1, 100, 50)
+
+    expect(candidates[0]).toMatchObject({
+      seriesId: 'first',
+      name: '第一通道',
+      color: '#f00',
+      unit: 'V',
+      point: { x: 1, y: 5 },
+      distance: 0,
+    })
+    expect(candidates[1].point).toEqual({ x: 1, y: 6 })
+  })
+
+  it('uses equal horizontal and vertical annotation padding', () => {
+    expect(ANNOTATION_TEXT_HORIZONTAL_PADDING).toBe(ANNOTATION_TEXT_PADDING)
+    expect(ANNOTATION_TEXT_VERTICAL_PADDING).toBe(ANNOTATION_TEXT_PADDING)
+  })
+
+  it('finds the closest visible sample across candidate tracks', () => {
+    const hit = findNearestAnnotationPoint(
+      [
+        createTrack(0, 'a', 0, [
+          { x: 0, y: 1 },
+          { x: 1, y: 2 },
+        ]),
+        createTrack(1, 'b', 100, [
+          { x: 0, y: 1 },
+          { x: 1, y: 8 },
+        ]),
+      ],
+      100,
+      120,
+      12,
+    )
+
+    expect(hit).toMatchObject({ seriesId: 'b', trackIndex: 1 })
+    expect(hit?.point).toEqual({ x: 1, y: 8 })
+  })
+
+  it('returns no hit outside the configured screen radius', () => {
+    const hit = findNearestAnnotationPoint([createTrack(0, 'a', 0, [{ x: 1, y: 2 }])], 160, 10, 12)
+
+    expect(hit).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('wraps labels by Unicode characters and resolves style defaults', () => {
+    expect(wrapAnnotationText('1234567890中文')).toEqual(['1234567890', '中文'])
+    expect(resolveAnnotationStyle({ textColor: '#ffffff' })).toEqual({
+      borderColor: '#1677ff',
+      textColor: '#ffffff',
+      backgroundColor: 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92)',
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('filters invalid entries and separates nearby annotation boxes', () => {
+    const track = createTrack(0, 'a', 0, [
+      { x: 0, y: 1 },
+      { x: 1, y: 2 },
+    ], 300)
+    const annotations: WaveformAnnotation[] = [
+      { id: 'first', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 2, text: '第一个标注' },
+      { id: 'second', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 2, text: '第二个标注' },
+      { id: 'unknown', seriesId: 'missing', x: 1, y: 2, text: '不显示' },
+      { id: 'invalid', seriesId: 'a', x: Number.NaN, y: 2, text: '不显示' },
+    ]
+
+    const rendered = layoutAnnotations(annotations, [track], 300, 300)
+
+    expect(rendered.map((item) => item.annotation.id)).toEqual(['first', 'second'])
+    expect(rendered[0].box.lineEndX).toBe(rendered[0].anchorX)
+    expect(rendered[0].box.lineEndY).not.toBe(rendered[0].anchorY)
+    expect(rendered[0].placement).toBe('top')
+    expect(rendered[0].box).not.toMatchObject({
+      x: rendered[1].box.x,
+      y: rendered[1].box.y,
+    })
+    rendered.forEach((item) => {
+      expect(item.box.x).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0)
+      expect(item.box.y).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0)
+      expect(item.box.x + item.box.width).toBeLessThanOrEqual(300)
+      expect(item.box.y + item.box.height).toBeLessThanOrEqual(300)
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('prefers centered vertical placements and moves below a top boundary', () => {
+    const track = createTrack(0, 'a', 0, [
+      { x: 0, y: 0 },
+      { x: 1, y: 5 },
+    ], 200)
+
+    const centered = layoutAnnotations(
+      [{ id: 'centered', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 5, text: '居中' }],
+      [track],
+      200,
+      200,
+    )[0]
+    expect(centered.placement).toBe('top')
+    expect(centered.box.x + centered.box.width / 2).toBe(centered.anchorX)
+    expect(centered.box.lineEndX).toBe(centered.anchorX)
+    expect(centered.box.lineEndY).toBe(centered.box.y + centered.box.height)
+
+    const nearTop = layoutAnnotations(
+      [{ id: 'top-edge', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 9.5, text: '顶部' }],
+      [track],
+      200,
+      200,
+    )[0]
+    expect(nearTop.placement).toBe('bottom')
+    expect(nearTop.box.lineEndX).toBe(nearTop.anchorX)
+    expect(nearTop.box.lineEndY).toBe(nearTop.box.y)
+    expect(nearTop.box.height).toBe(30)
+    expect(nearTop.box.lineEndY - nearTop.anchorY).toBe(32)
+  })
+
+  it('reverses direction when the preferred placement is clipped by a boundary', () => {
+    const track = createTrack(0, 'a', 0, [
+      { x: 0, y: 0 },
+      { x: 1, y: 5 },
+    ], 200)
+
+    const nearTop = layoutAnnotations(
+      [{ id: 'top-space', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 7.5, text: '顶部空间不足' }],
+      [track],
+      200,
+      200,
+    )[0]
+    expect(nearTop.placement).toBe('bottom')
+    expect(nearTop.box.y).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0)
+    expect(nearTop.box.y + nearTop.box.height).toBeLessThanOrEqual(200)
+
+    const nearBottom = layoutAnnotations(
+      [{ id: 'bottom-space', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 0.5, text: '底部空间不足' }],
+      [track],
+      200,
+      200,
+    )[0]
+    expect(nearBottom.placement).toBe('top')
+    expect(nearBottom.box.y).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0)
+    expect(nearBottom.box.y + nearBottom.box.height).toBeLessThanOrEqual(200)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps a clipped fallback when the plot is smaller than the annotation box', () => {
+    const track = createTrack(0, 'a', 0, [{ x: 1, y: 5 }])
+    const rendered = layoutAnnotations(
+      [{ id: 'tiny-plot', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 5, text: '无法完整放置' }],
+      [track],
+      40,
+      20,
+    )[0]
+
+    expect(rendered).toBeDefined()
+    expect(rendered.box.x).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0)
+    expect(rendered.box.y).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0)
+  })
+
+  it('uses later directional candidates when vertical candidates collide', () => {
+    const track = createTrack(0, 'a', 0, [
+      { x: 0, y: 0 },
+      { x: 1, y: 5 },
+    ], 200)
+    const rendered = layoutAnnotations(
+      [
+        { id: 'one', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 5, text: '同一位置一' },
+        { id: 'two', seriesId: 'a', x: 1, y: 5, text: '同一位置二' },
+      ],
+      [track],
+      200,
+      200,
+    )
+
+    expect(rendered[0].placement).toBe('top')
+    expect(rendered[1].placement).not.toBe('top')
+    expect(rendered[1].box).not.toMatchObject({ x: rendered[0].box.x, y: rendered[0].box.y })
+  })
+
+})
--- a/src/components/annotation/markup.ts
+++ b/src/components/annotation/markup.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+import { bisector } from 'd3'
+
+import type { WaveformAnnotation, WaveformAnnotationStyle } from '../../types'
+import type {
+  AnnotationBoxLayout,
+  AnnotationHit,
+  AnnotationPlacement,
+  AnnotationSeriesCandidate,
+  AnnotationTrackLayout,
+  RenderedAnnotation,
+} from './types'
+
+export const DEFAULT_ANNOTATION_STYLE = {
+  borderColor: '#1677ff',
+  textColor: '#333333',
+  backgroundColor: 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92)',
+} as const
+
+export const ANNOTATION_HIT_RADIUS = 12
+export const ANNOTATION_AMBIGUITY_DISTANCE = 5
+export const ANNOTATION_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH = 40
+export const ANNOTATION_TEXT_PADDING = 8
+export const ANNOTATION_BOX_MIN_WIDTH = ANNOTATION_TEXT_PADDING * 2
+export const ANNOTATION_BOX_MAX_WIDTH = 240
+export const ANNOTATION_BOX_MIN_HEIGHT = 26
+export const ANNOTATION_TEXT_HORIZONTAL_PADDING = ANNOTATION_TEXT_PADDING
+export const ANNOTATION_TEXT_VERTICAL_PADDING = ANNOTATION_TEXT_PADDING
+export const ANNOTATION_TEXT_LINE_HEIGHT = 16
+export const ANNOTATION_TEXT_GLYPH_HEIGHT = 14
+export const ANNOTATION_TEXT_FONT = '12px Arial, sans-serif'
+export const ANNOTATION_CONNECTOR_LENGTH = 32
+
+const ANNOTATION_PLACEMENTS: AnnotationPlacement[] = [
+  'top',
+  'bottom',
+  'right',
+  'left',
+  'top-right',
+  'top-left',
+  'bottom-right',
+  'bottom-left',
+]
+
+const pointBisector = bisector((point: { x: number }) => point.x)
+
+export function interpolateAnnotationPoint(
+  points: Array<{ x: number; y: number }>,
+  xValue: number,
+): { x: number; y: number } | null {
+  if (!points.length || !Number.isFinite(xValue)) return null
+  const first = points[0]
+  const last = points[points.length - 1]
+  if (xValue < first.x || xValue > last.x) return null
+  if (points.length === 1) return xValue === first.x ? { ...first } : null
+
+  const rightIndex = pointBisector.left(points, xValue)
+  const right = points[Math.min(rightIndex, points.length - 1)]
+  if (right.x === xValue || rightIndex === 0) return { x: xValue, y: right.y }
+
+  const left = points[rightIndex - 1]
+  const xSpan = right.x - left.x
+  if (xSpan === 0) return { x: xValue, y: right.y }
+  const ratio = (xValue - left.x) / xSpan
+  return { x: xValue, y: left.y + (right.y - left.y) * ratio }
+}
+
+export function findAnnotationSeriesCandidates(
+  tracks: AnnotationTrackLayout[],
+  xValue: number,
+  pointerX: number,
+  pointerY: number,
+): AnnotationSeriesCandidate[] {
+  return tracks
+    .flatMap((track): AnnotationSeriesCandidate[] => {
+      const point = interpolateAnnotationPoint(track.series.points, xValue)
+      if (!point) return []
+      const screenX = track.xScale(point.x)
+      const screenY = track.top + track.yScale(point.y)
+      return [
+        {
+          trackIndex: track.index,
+          seriesId: track.series.id,
+          name: track.series.name?.trim() || track.series.id,
+          color: track.series.color || DEFAULT_ANNOTATION_STYLE.borderColor,
+          unit: track.series.unit,
+          point,
+          screenX,
+          screenY,
+          distance: Math.hypot(screenX - pointerX, screenY - pointerY),
+          xValue,
+        },
+      ]
+    })
+    .sort((first, second) => first.distance - second.distance || first.trackIndex - second.trackIndex)
+}
+let annotationTextMeasurementContext: CanvasRenderingContext2D | null | undefined
+
+function fallbackAnnotationTextWidth(text: string): number {
+  return Array.from(text).reduce(
+    (width, character) => width + (character.codePointAt(0)! > 0xff ? 12 : 6.7),
+    0,
+  )
+}
+
+export function measureAnnotationTextWidth(text: string): number {
+  if (annotationTextMeasurementContext === undefined) {
+    annotationTextMeasurementContext = null
+    if (typeof document !== 'undefined' && typeof CanvasRenderingContext2D !== 'undefined') {
+      const canvas = document.createElement('canvas')
+      annotationTextMeasurementContext = canvas.getContext('2d')
+      if (annotationTextMeasurementContext) {
+        annotationTextMeasurementContext.font = ANNOTATION_TEXT_FONT
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return annotationTextMeasurementContext?.measureText(text).width ?? fallbackAnnotationTextWidth(text)
+}
+
+export function resolveAnnotationStyle(style?: WaveformAnnotationStyle) {
+  return {
+    borderColor: style?.borderColor || DEFAULT_ANNOTATION_STYLE.borderColor,
+    textColor: style?.textColor || DEFAULT_ANNOTATION_STYLE.textColor,
+    backgroundColor: style?.backgroundColor || DEFAULT_ANNOTATION_STYLE.backgroundColor,
+  }
+}
+
+export function isFiniteAnnotation(annotation: WaveformAnnotation): boolean {
+  return (
+    Boolean(annotation.id && annotation.seriesId) &&
+    Number.isFinite(annotation.x) &&
+    Number.isFinite(annotation.y) &&
+    typeof annotation.text === 'string' &&
+    annotation.text.trim().length > 0
+  )
+}
+
+export function wrapAnnotationText(text: string, maxChars = 10): string[] {
+  const lines: string[] = []
+  text.split(/\r?\n/).forEach((paragraph) => {
+    const chars = Array.from(paragraph)
+    if (chars.length === 0) {
+      lines.push('')
+      return
+    }
+    for (let index = 0; index < chars.length; index += maxChars) {
+      lines.push(chars.slice(index, index + maxChars).join(''))
+    }
+  })
+  return lines.length ? lines : ['']
+}
+
+export function findNearestAnnotationPoint(
+  tracks: AnnotationTrackLayout[],
+  pointerX: number,
+  pointerY: number,
+  maxDistance = ANNOTATION_HIT_RADIUS,
+): AnnotationHit | null {
+  let closest: AnnotationHit | null = null
+
+  tracks.forEach((track) => {
+    const localY = pointerY - track.top
+    if (localY < 0 || localY > track.height || track.series.points.length === 0) return
+
+    const xValue = track.xScale.invert(pointerX)
+    const centerIndex = pointBisector.center(track.series.points, xValue)
+    const firstIndex = Math.max(0, centerIndex - 2)
+    const lastIndex = Math.min(track.series.points.length - 1, centerIndex + 2)
+
+    for (let candidateIndex = firstIndex; candidateIndex <= lastIndex; candidateIndex += 1) {
+      const point = track.series.points[candidateIndex]
+      const screenX = track.xScale(point.x)
+      const screenY = track.yScale(point.y) + track.top
+      const distance = Math.hypot(screenX - pointerX, screenY - pointerY)
+      if (distance > maxDistance || (closest && distance >= closest.distance)) continue
+      closest = {
+        trackIndex: track.index,
+        seriesId: track.series.id,
+        point,
+        screenX,
+        screenY,
+        distance,
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  return closest
+}
+
+function isWithin(value: number, domain: [number, number]): boolean {
+  return value >= Math.min(domain[0], domain[1]) && value <= Math.max(domain[0], domain[1])
+}
+
+function overlaps(first: AnnotationBoxLayout, second: AnnotationBoxLayout): boolean {
+  return (
+    first.x < second.x + second.width &&
+    first.x + first.width > second.x &&
+    first.y < second.y + second.height &&
+    first.y + first.height > second.y
+  )
+}
+
+function containsPoint(box: AnnotationBoxLayout, x: number, y: number): boolean {
+  return x >= box.x && x <= box.x + box.width && y >= box.y && y <= box.y + box.height
+}
+
+function clampBox(box: AnnotationBoxLayout, width: number, height: number): AnnotationBoxLayout {
+  const x = Math.max(0, Math.min(box.x, Math.max(0, width - box.width)))
+  const y = Math.max(0, Math.min(box.y, Math.max(0, height - box.height)))
+  return {
+    ...box,
+    x,
+    y,
+    lineEndX: Math.max(x, Math.min(box.lineEndX, x + box.width)),
+    lineEndY: Math.max(y, Math.min(box.lineEndY, y + box.height)),
+  }
+}
+
+function resolveConnectorStart(
+  box: AnnotationBoxLayout,
+  anchorX: number,
+  anchorY: number,
+): { x: number; y: number } {
+  const centerX = box.x + box.width / 2
+  const centerY = box.y + box.height / 2
+  const deltaX = anchorX - centerX
+  const deltaY = anchorY - centerY
+
+  if (Math.abs(deltaX) * box.height > Math.abs(deltaY) * box.width) {
+    const x = deltaX >= 0 ? box.x + box.width : box.x
+    const ratio = deltaX === 0 ? 0 : (x - centerX) / deltaX
+    return {
+      x,
+      y: Math.max(box.y, Math.min(box.y + box.height, centerY + deltaY * ratio)),
+    }
+  }
+
+  const y = deltaY >= 0 ? box.y + box.height : box.y
+  const ratio = deltaY === 0 ? 0 : (y - centerY) / deltaY
+  return {
+    x: Math.max(box.x, Math.min(box.x + box.width, centerX + deltaX * ratio)),
+    y,
+  }
+}
+
+function boxPosition(
+  anchorX: number,
+  anchorY: number,
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+  placement: AnnotationPlacement,
+): { x: number; y: number } {
+  const centeredX = anchorX - width / 2
+  const centeredY = anchorY - height / 2
+  const rightX = anchorX + ANNOTATION_CONNECTOR_LENGTH
+  const leftX = anchorX - width - ANNOTATION_CONNECTOR_LENGTH
+  const topY = anchorY - height - ANNOTATION_CONNECTOR_LENGTH
+  const bottomY = anchorY + ANNOTATION_CONNECTOR_LENGTH
+
+  switch (placement) {
+    case 'top':
+      return { x: centeredX, y: topY }
+    case 'bottom':
+      return { x: centeredX, y: bottomY }
+    case 'right':
+      return { x: rightX, y: centeredY }
+    case 'left':
+      return { x: leftX, y: centeredY }
+    case 'top-right':
+      return { x: rightX, y: topY }
+    case 'top-left':
+      return { x: leftX, y: topY }
+    case 'bottom-right':
+      return { x: rightX, y: bottomY }
+    case 'bottom-left':
+      return { x: leftX, y: bottomY }
+  }
+}
+
+function annotationBoxSize(
+  lines: string[],
+  plotWidth: number,
+  plotHeight: number,
+): { width: number; height: number } {
+  return {
+    width: Math.min(
+      plotWidth,
+      Math.max(
+        ANNOTATION_BOX_MIN_WIDTH,
+        Math.min(
+          ANNOTATION_BOX_MAX_WIDTH,
+          Math.ceil(Math.max(...lines.map(measureAnnotationTextWidth), 0)) +
+            ANNOTATION_TEXT_PADDING * 2,
+        ),
+      ),
+    ),
+    height: Math.min(
+      plotHeight,
+      Math.max(
+        ANNOTATION_BOX_MIN_HEIGHT,
+        (lines.length - 1) * ANNOTATION_TEXT_LINE_HEIGHT +
+          ANNOTATION_TEXT_GLYPH_HEIGHT +
+          ANNOTATION_TEXT_VERTICAL_PADDING * 2,
+      ),
+    ),
+  }
+}
+
+function isPlacementWithinBounds(
+  anchorX: number,
+  anchorY: number,
+  lines: string[],
+  plotWidth: number,
+  plotHeight: number,
+  placement: AnnotationPlacement,
+): boolean {
+  const { width, height } = annotationBoxSize(lines, plotWidth, plotHeight)
+  const position = boxPosition(anchorX, anchorY, width, height, placement)
+  return (
+    position.x >= 0 &&
+    position.y >= 0 &&
+    position.x + width <= plotWidth &&
+    position.y + height <= plotHeight
+  )
+}
+
+export function layoutAnnotationBox(
+  anchorX: number,
+  anchorY: number,
+  lines: string[],
+  plotWidth: number,
+  plotHeight: number,
+  placement: AnnotationPlacement,
+): AnnotationBoxLayout {
+  const { width, height } = annotationBoxSize(lines, plotWidth, plotHeight)
+  const position = boxPosition(anchorX, anchorY, width, height, placement)
+  const clamped = clampBox(
+    { x: position.x, y: position.y, width, height, lineEndX: anchorX, lineEndY: anchorY },
+    plotWidth,
+    plotHeight,
+  )
+  const connectorStart = resolveConnectorStart(clamped, anchorX, anchorY)
+  return { ...clamped, lineEndX: connectorStart.x, lineEndY: connectorStart.y }
+}
+
+export function layoutAnnotations(
+  annotations: WaveformAnnotation[],
+  tracks: AnnotationTrackLayout[],
+  plotWidth: number,
+  plotHeight: number,
+): RenderedAnnotation[] {
+  const placedByTrack = new Map<number, AnnotationBoxLayout[]>()
+  const rendered: RenderedAnnotation[] = []
+
+  annotations.forEach((annotation) => {
+    if (!isFiniteAnnotation(annotation)) return
+    const track = tracks.find((candidate) => candidate.series.id === annotation.seriesId)
+    if (!track) return
+    const xDomain = track.xScale.domain() as [number, number]
+    const yDomain = track.yScale.domain() as [number, number]
+    if (!isWithin(annotation.x, xDomain) || !isWithin(annotation.y, yDomain)) return
+
+    const lines = wrapAnnotationText(annotation.text)
+    const trackLeft = track.left ?? 0
+    const trackWidth = track.width ?? plotWidth
+    const localAnchorX = track.xScale(annotation.x)
+    const anchorX = trackLeft + localAnchorX
+    const anchorY = track.yScale(annotation.y) + track.top
+    const localHeight = Math.min(track.height, Math.max(0, plotHeight - track.top))
+    const localAnchorY = anchorY - track.top
+    const placed = placedByTrack.get(track.index) || []
+    let placement = ANNOTATION_PLACEMENTS[0]
+    let box = layoutAnnotationBox(
+      localAnchorX,
+      localAnchorY,
+      lines,
+      trackWidth,
+      localHeight,
+      placement,
+    )
+    for (const candidatePlacement of ANNOTATION_PLACEMENTS) {
+      if (
+        !isPlacementWithinBounds(
+          localAnchorX,
+          localAnchorY,
+          lines,
+          trackWidth,
+          localHeight,
+          candidatePlacement,
+        )
+      ) {
+        continue
+      }
+      const candidate = layoutAnnotationBox(
+        localAnchorX,
+        localAnchorY,
+        lines,
+        trackWidth,
+        localHeight,
+        candidatePlacement,
+      )
+      if (
+        !containsPoint(candidate, localAnchorX, localAnchorY) &&
+        !placed.some((item) => overlaps(candidate, item))
+      ) {
+        box = candidate
+        placement = candidatePlacement
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    const globalBox = {
+      ...box,
+      x: box.x + trackLeft,
+      y: box.y + track.top,
+      lineEndX: box.lineEndX + trackLeft,
+      lineEndY: box.lineEndY + track.top,
+    }
+    placed.push(box)
+    placedByTrack.set(track.index, placed)
+    rendered.push({
+      annotation,
+      trackIndex: track.index,
+      anchorX,
+      anchorY,
+      placement,
+      lines,
+      box: {
+        ...globalBox,
+      },
+      style: resolveAnnotationStyle(annotation.style),
+    })
+  })
+
+  return rendered
+}
--- a/src/components/annotation/types.ts
+++ b/src/components/annotation/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import type { ScaleLinear } from 'd3'
+
+import type { WaveformAnnotation, WaveformPoint } from '../../types'
+
+export interface AnnotationTrackLayout {
+  index: number
+  series: {
+    id: string
+    name?: string
+    color?: string
+    unit?: string
+    points: WaveformPoint[]
+  }
+  left?: number
+  top: number
+  width?: number
+  height: number
+  xScale: ScaleLinear<number, number>
+  yScale: ScaleLinear<number, number>
+}
+
+export interface AnnotationHit {
+  trackIndex: number
+  seriesId: string
+  point: WaveformPoint
+  screenX: number
+  screenY: number
+  distance: number
+  /** Data-space X under the pointer; omitted for snapped sample hits. */
+  xValue?: number
+}
+
+export interface AnnotationSeriesCandidate extends AnnotationHit {
+  name: string
+  color: string
+  unit?: string
+}
+
+export interface AnnotationEditorAnchor {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+export interface AnnotationBoxLayout {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  width: number
+  height: number
+  lineEndX: number
+  lineEndY: number
+}
+
+export type AnnotationPlacement =
+  | 'top'
+  | 'bottom'
+  | 'right'
+  | 'left'
+  | 'top-right'
+  | 'top-left'
+  | 'bottom-right'
+  | 'bottom-left'
+
+export interface RenderedAnnotation {
+  annotation: WaveformAnnotation
+  trackIndex: number
+  anchorX: number
+  anchorY: number
+  placement: AnnotationPlacement
+  lines: string[]
+  box: AnnotationBoxLayout
+  style: {
+    borderColor: string
+    textColor: string
+    backgroundColor: string
+  }
+}
+
+export type AnnotationEditorDraft =
+  | { mode: 'add'; annotation: WaveformAnnotation; anchor: AnnotationEditorAnchor }
+  | {
+      mode: 'edit'
+      annotation: WaveformAnnotation
+      previous: WaveformAnnotation
+      anchor: AnnotationEditorAnchor
+    }
+
+export interface AnnotationContextMenuState {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  annotationId?: string
+  createHit?: AnnotationHit
+  editorAnchor?: AnnotationEditorAnchor
+}
+
+export interface AnnotationSeriesInfo {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  color: string
+  unit?: string
+}
--- a/src/components/annotation/useWaveformAnnotationInteraction.ts
+++ b/src/components/annotation/useWaveformAnnotationInteraction.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { ref } from 'vue'
+
+import type { WaveformAnnotation } from '../../types'
+import type {
+  AnnotationContextMenuState,
+  AnnotationEditorAnchor,
+  AnnotationEditorDraft,
+  AnnotationHit,
+} from './types'
+
+export function useWaveformAnnotationInteraction() {
+  const editorDraft = ref<AnnotationEditorDraft | null>(null)
+  const contextMenu = ref<AnnotationContextMenuState | null>(null)
+
+  const openCreate = (
+    hit: AnnotationHit,
+    createId: () => string,
+    anchor: AnnotationEditorAnchor,
+  ) => {
+    editorDraft.value = {
+      mode: 'add',
+      annotation: {
+        id: createId(),
+        seriesId: hit.seriesId,
+        x: hit.xValue ?? hit.point.x,
+        y: hit.point.y,
+        text: '',
+        createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+      },
+      anchor,
+    }
+    contextMenu.value = null
+  }
+
+  const openEdit = (annotation: WaveformAnnotation, anchor: AnnotationEditorAnchor) => {
+    editorDraft.value = {
+      mode: 'edit',
+      annotation: { ...annotation },
+      previous: { ...annotation },
+      anchor,
+    }
+    contextMenu.value = null
+  }
+
+  const openContextMenu = (state: AnnotationContextMenuState) => {
+    contextMenu.value = state
+  }
+
+  const closeEditor = () => {
+    editorDraft.value = null
+  }
+
+  const closeContextMenu = () => {
+    contextMenu.value = null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    editorDraft,
+    contextMenu,
+    openCreate,
+    openEdit,
+    openContextMenu,
+    closeEditor,
+    closeContextMenu,
+  }
+}
--- a/src/components/core/constants.ts
+++ b/src/components/core/constants.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/**
+ * 核心常量定义
+ */
+
+/** 通道颜色 */
+export const channelColors = [
+  '#0960bd',
+  '#ff7f0e',
+  '#389e0d',
+  '#cf1322',
+  '#531dab',
+  '#08979c',
+  '#c41d7f',
+  '#434343',
+  '#7cb305',
+  '#1d39c4',
+]
+
+/** 图表边距 */
+export const margin = { top: 18, right: 24, bottom: 52, left: 64 }
+
+/** 最小高度 */
+export const minimumHeight = 180
--- a/src/components/core/grid.test.ts
+++ b/src/components/core/grid.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  getBottomRowCellIndexes,
+  getPageCount,
+  normalizeGridOptions,
+  paginateSeries,
+  resolveGridCellGeometry,
+  X_AXIS_BAND,
+} from './grid'
+
+describe('waveform grid helpers', () => {
+  it('normalizes grid counts and uses a two by one default', () => {
+    expect(normalizeGridOptions()).toEqual({ rowCount: 2, columnCount: 1, showPagination: true })
+    expect(normalizeGridOptions({ rowCount: 0, columnCount: 99 })).toEqual({
+      rowCount: 1,
+      columnCount: 10,
+      showPagination: true,
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('paginates row-major slots and keeps at least one page for empty data', () => {
+    const options = normalizeGridOptions({ rowCount: 2, columnCount: 2 })
+    expect(getPageCount([1, 2, 3, 4, 5].length, options)).toBe(2)
+    expect(paginateSeries([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2, options)).toEqual([5])
+    expect(getPageCount(0, options)).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('resolves mode-specific gaps and bottom cells', () => {
+    const options = normalizeGridOptions({ rowCount: 2, columnCount: 2 })
+    const separated = resolveGridCellGeometry(400, 200, options, 'separated', [true, true, true, true])
+    const compact = resolveGridCellGeometry(400, 200, options, 'compact', [true, true, true, true])
+    const independent = resolveGridCellGeometry(400, 200, options, 'independent', [true, true, false, false])
+    expect(separated[1].left).toBeGreaterThan(separated[0].left + separated[0].width)
+    expect(separated[2].top).toBe(separated[0].plotHeight + 16)
+    expect(separated[2].xAxisBand).toBe(X_AXIS_BAND)
+    expect(compact[2].top).toBe(compact[0].top + compact[0].plotHeight)
+    expect(compact[2].xAxisBand).toBe(X_AXIS_BAND)
+    expect(independent[2].top).toBe(
+      independent[0].top + independent[0].plotHeight + X_AXIS_BAND + 14,
+    )
+    expect(independent[0].cellHeight).toBe(independent[0].plotHeight + X_AXIS_BAND)
+    expect(
+      getBottomRowCellIndexes(
+        separated.map((cell, index) => ({ ...cell, hasSeries: index !== 3 })),
+        2,
+      ),
+    ).toEqual(new Set([2, 1]))
+  })
+
+  it('accepts an independent horizontal gap without changing vertical spacing', () => {
+    const options = normalizeGridOptions({ rowCount: 2, columnCount: 2 })
+    const cells = resolveGridCellGeometry(400, 200, options, 'independent', [true, true, true, true], 64)
+
+    expect(cells[0].width).toBe(168)
+    expect(cells[1].left).toBe(232)
+    expect(cells[2].top).toBe(cells[0].plotHeight + X_AXIS_BAND + 14)
+  })
+})
--- a/src/components/core/grid.ts
+++ b/src/components/core/grid.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import type { WaveformDisplayMode } from '../../types'
+
+export const GRID_MIN_COUNT = 1
+export const GRID_MAX_COUNT = 10
+export const X_AXIS_BAND = 16
+
+export interface WaveformGridOptions {
+  rowCount?: number
+  columnCount?: number
+  showPagination?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface NormalizedWaveformGridOptions {
+  rowCount: number
+  columnCount: number
+  showPagination: boolean
+}
+
+export interface GridCellGeometry {
+  slotIndex: number
+  row: number
+  column: number
+  left: number
+  top: number
+  width: number
+  /** Backward-compatible alias for the actual plot height. */
+  height: number
+  plotHeight: number
+  cellHeight: number
+  xAxisBand: number
+}
+
+const normalizeCount = (value: unknown, fallback: number) => {
+  const numeric = typeof value === 'number' ? value : Number(value)
+  if (!Number.isFinite(numeric)) return fallback
+  return Math.min(GRID_MAX_COUNT, Math.max(GRID_MIN_COUNT, Math.floor(numeric)))
+}
+
+export function normalizeGridOptions(options?: WaveformGridOptions): NormalizedWaveformGridOptions {
+  return {
+    rowCount: normalizeCount(options?.rowCount, 2),
+    columnCount: normalizeCount(options?.columnCount, 1),
+    showPagination: options?.showPagination ?? true,
+  }
+}
+
+export function getPageSize(options: NormalizedWaveformGridOptions): number {
+  return options.rowCount * options.columnCount
+}
+
+export function getPageCount(seriesCount: number, options: NormalizedWaveformGridOptions): number {
+  return Math.max(1, Math.ceil(Math.max(0, seriesCount) / getPageSize(options)))
+}
+
+export function paginateSeries<T>(
+  series: T[],
+  page: number,
+  options: NormalizedWaveformGridOptions,
+): T[] {
+  const pageCount = getPageCount(series.length, options)
+  const safePage = Math.min(pageCount, Math.max(1, Math.floor(page)))
+  const start = (safePage - 1) * getPageSize(options)
+  return series.slice(start, start + getPageSize(options))
+}
+
+export function getGridGap(displayMode: WaveformDisplayMode): number {
+  return displayMode === 'compact' ? 0 : displayMode === 'separated' ? 16 : 14
+}
+
+export function resolveGridCellGeometry(
+  innerWidth: number,
+  innerHeight: number,
+  options: NormalizedWaveformGridOptions,
+  displayMode: WaveformDisplayMode,
+  slotHasSeries: boolean[] = [],
+  horizontalGap?: number,
+): GridCellGeometry[] {
+  const defaultGap = getGridGap(displayMode)
+  const columnGap = Number.isFinite(horizontalGap) ? Math.max(0, horizontalGap as number) : defaultGap
+  const totalHorizontalGap = Math.max(0, options.columnCount - 1) * columnGap
+  const axisRows = new Set<number>()
+  if (displayMode === 'independent') {
+    for (let row = 0; row < options.rowCount; row += 1) axisRows.add(row)
+  } else {
+    for (let column = 0; column < options.columnCount; column += 1) {
+      for (let slotIndex = getPageSize(options) - 1; slotIndex >= 0; slotIndex -= 1) {
+        if (slotIndex % options.columnCount !== column) continue
+        if (slotHasSeries[slotIndex]) {
+          axisRows.add(Math.floor(slotIndex / options.columnCount))
+          break
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const totalVerticalGap = Math.max(0, options.rowCount - 1) * defaultGap
+  const totalAxisBand = axisRows.size * X_AXIS_BAND
+  const width = Math.max(1, (innerWidth - totalHorizontalGap) / options.columnCount)
+  const plotHeight = Math.max(1, (innerHeight - totalVerticalGap - totalAxisBand) / options.rowCount)
+
+  return Array.from({ length: getPageSize(options) }, (_, slotIndex) => {
+    const row = Math.floor(slotIndex / options.columnCount)
+    const column = slotIndex % options.columnCount
+    const xAxisBand = axisRows.has(row) ? X_AXIS_BAND : 0
+    const cellHeight = plotHeight + xAxisBand
+    const top = Array.from({ length: row }, (_, previousRow) => {
+      const previousBand = axisRows.has(previousRow) ? X_AXIS_BAND : 0
+      return plotHeight + previousBand + defaultGap
+    }).reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0)
+    return {
+      slotIndex,
+      row,
+      column,
+      left: column * (width + columnGap),
+      top,
+      width,
+      height: plotHeight,
+      plotHeight,
+      cellHeight,
+      xAxisBand,
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+export function getBottomRowCellIndexes(
+  cells: Array<GridCellGeometry & { hasSeries?: boolean }>,
+  columnCount: number,
+): Set<number> {
+  const visible = new Set<number>()
+  for (let column = 0; column < columnCount; column += 1) {
+    for (let index = cells.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
+      const cell = cells[index]
+      if (cell.column === column && cell.hasSeries) {
+        visible.add(cell.slotIndex)
+        break
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return visible
+}
--- a/src/components/core/index.ts
+++ b/src/components/core/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+export * from './constants'
+export * from './grid'
+export * from './layout'
+export * from './types'
+export * from './useWaveformData'
--- a/src/components/core/layout.ts
+++ b/src/components/core/layout.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import { line, scaleLinear, zoomIdentity, type ZoomTransform } from 'd3'
+
+import { selectRenderablePoints, type ResolvedWaveformRenderingOptions } from '../../core'
+import type { WaveformDisplayMode, WaveformPoint } from '../../types'
+import { buildMinorTicks, formatEndpointTime } from '../../utils'
+import {
+  getBottomRowCellIndexes,
+  type GridCellGeometry,
+  type NormalizedWaveformGridOptions,
+} from './grid'
+import type { DisplaySeries, TrackLayout } from './types'
+
+interface SeriesGridCell extends GridCellGeometry {
+  series?: DisplaySeries
+}
+
+export interface BuildTrackLayoutsOptions {
+  cells: SeriesGridCell[]
+  grid: NormalizedWaveformGridOptions
+  displayMode: WaveformDisplayMode
+  independentTransforms: ZoomTransform[]
+  sharedZoomDomain: [number, number]
+  timeUnit: 's' | 'ms'
+  rendering: ResolvedWaveformRenderingOptions
+  hideSecondaryLabels: boolean
+  yAxisLabelX: number
+}
+
+export function buildTrackLayouts(options: BuildTrackLayoutsOptions): TrackLayout[] {
+  const visibleCells = options.cells.map((cell) => ({ ...cell, hasSeries: Boolean(cell.series) }))
+  const bottomCells = getBottomRowCellIndexes(visibleCells, options.grid.columnCount)
+
+  return visibleCells.flatMap((cell, index) => {
+    const series = cell.series
+    if (!series) return []
+    const baseXScale =
+      options.displayMode === 'independent'
+        ? scaleLinear(series.xDomain, [0, cell.width])
+        : scaleLinear(options.sharedZoomDomain, [0, cell.width])
+    const transform =
+      options.displayMode === 'independent'
+        ? (options.independentTransforms[index] ?? zoomIdentity)
+        : zoomIdentity
+    const xScale = transform.rescaleX(baseXScale)
+    const yScale = scaleLinear(series.yDomain, [cell.plotHeight, 0]).nice()
+    const xMajorTicks = xScale.ticks(Math.max(2, Math.floor(cell.width / 100)))
+    const yMajorTicks = yScale.ticks(Math.max(2, Math.floor(cell.plotHeight / 55)))
+    const yAxisTickValues =
+      options.displayMode === 'compact' && cell.row < options.grid.rowCount - 1
+        ? yMajorTicks.slice(1)
+        : yMajorTicks
+    const domain = xScale.domain() as [number, number]
+    const endpointLabels = {
+      start: formatEndpointTime(domain[0], domain, options.timeUnit),
+      end: formatEndpointTime(domain[1], domain, options.timeUnit),
+    }
+    const leftClearance = endpointLabels.start.length * 7 + 10
+    const rightClearance = endpointLabels.end.length * 7 + 10
+    const xAxisTickValues = xMajorTicks.filter((tick) => {
+      const position = xScale(tick)
+      return position > leftClearance && position < cell.width - rightClearance
+    })
+    const renderPoints = selectRenderablePoints(
+      series.points,
+      domain,
+      cell.width,
+      options.rendering,
+    )
+
+    return {
+      index,
+      series,
+      column: cell.column,
+      showYAxisLabel: !options.hideSecondaryLabels || cell.column === 0,
+      yAxisLabelX: options.yAxisLabelX,
+      left: cell.left,
+      top: cell.top,
+      width: cell.width,
+      height: cell.plotHeight,
+      xScale,
+      yScale,
+      xMajorTicks,
+      xMinorTicks: buildMinorTicks(xMajorTicks),
+      yMajorTicks,
+      yMinorTicks: buildMinorTicks(yMajorTicks),
+      yAxisTickValues,
+      xAxisTickValues,
+      endpointLabels,
+      path: line<WaveformPoint>()
+        .x((point) => xScale(point.x))
+        .y((point) => yScale(point.y))(renderPoints),
+      showXAxis: options.displayMode === 'independent' || bottomCells.has(cell.slotIndex),
+    }
+  })
+}
--- a/src/components/core/types.ts
+++ b/src/components/core/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import type { ScaleLinear } from 'd3'
+import type { WaveformPoint } from '../../types'
+
+/**
+ * 显示系列
+ */
+export interface DisplaySeries {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  unit?: string
+  color: string
+  points: WaveformPoint[]
+  xDomain: [number, number]
+  yDomain: [number, number]
+}
+
+/**
+ * 悬浮的系列点
+ */
+export interface HoveredSeriesPoint extends DisplaySeries {
+  trackIndex: number
+  point: WaveformPoint
+}
+
+/**
+ * 轨道布局
+ */
+export interface TrackLayout {
+  index: number
+  series: DisplaySeries
+  column: number
+  showYAxisLabel: boolean
+  yAxisLabelX: number
+  left: number
+  top: number
+  width: number
+  height: number
+  xScale: ScaleLinear<number, number>
+  yScale: ScaleLinear<number, number>
+  xMajorTicks: number[]
+  xMinorTicks: number[]
+  yMajorTicks: number[]
+  yMinorTicks: number[]
+  yAxisTickValues: number[]
+  xAxisTickValues: number[]
+  endpointLabels: { start: string; end: string }
+  path: string | null
+  showXAxis: boolean
+}
+
+// 重新导出 WaveformPoint 方便使用
+export type { WaveformPoint }
--- a/src/components/core/useWaveformData.ts
+++ b/src/components/core/useWaveformData.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { shallowRef, watch } from 'vue'
+
+import { normalizeWaveformSeries } from '../../core'
+import type { WaveformData, WaveformPoint } from '../../types'
+import { paddedDomain } from '../../utils'
+
+export interface PreparedWaveformSeries {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  unit?: string
+  color?: string
+  points: WaveformPoint[]
+  xDomain: [number, number]
+  yDomain: [number, number]
+}
+
+function pointDomain(points: WaveformPoint[], key: 'x' | 'y'): [number, number] {
+  let minimum = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
+  let maximum = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
+  points.forEach((point) => {
+    const value = point[key]
+    if (value < minimum) minimum = value
+    if (value > maximum) maximum = value
+  })
+  return paddedDomain(Number.isFinite(minimum) ? [minimum, maximum] : [])
+}
+
+export function prepareWaveformSeries(data: WaveformData): PreparedWaveformSeries[] {
+  return normalizeWaveformSeries(data).map((series) => ({
+    ...series,
+    xDomain: pointDomain(series.points, 'x'),
+    yDomain: pointDomain(series.points, 'y'),
+  }))
+}
+
+export function usePreparedWaveformSeries(
+  data: () => WaveformData,
+  onDataChange: () => void,
+) {
+  const preparedSeries = shallowRef<PreparedWaveformSeries[]>(prepareWaveformSeries(data()))
+  watch(data, (nextData) => {
+    preparedSeries.value = prepareWaveformSeries(nextData)
+    onDataChange()
+  })
+  return preparedSeries
+}
--- a/src/components/data/index.ts
+++ b/src/components/data/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export * from './types'
--- a/src/components/data/types.ts
+++ b/src/components/data/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/**
+ * 数据系统类型定义
+ * 重新导出 src/types 中的类型，方便组件内部使用
+ */
+
+// 重新导出所有类型
+export type {
+  WaveformPoint,
+  WaveformDisplayMode,
+  WaveformInteractionMode,
+  WaveformAnnotationStyle,
+  WaveformAnnotation,
+  WaveformRenderingOptions,
+  SingleWaveformData,
+  WaveformSeries,
+  WaveformData,
+  NormalizedWaveformSeries,
+} from '../../types'
+
+export type { WaveformGridOptions } from '../core/grid'
+
+// 重新导出数据处理函数
+export { normalizeWaveformData, normalizeWaveformSeries } from '../../core'
--- a/src/components/index.ts
+++ b/src/components/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+export { default as WaveformChart } from './WaveformChart.vue'
+
+// 从新的系统目录导出类型，保持向后兼容
+export type {
+  SingleWaveformData,
+  WaveformData,
+  WaveformDisplayMode,
+  WaveformInteractionMode,
+  WaveformAnnotationStyle,
+  WaveformAnnotation,
+  WaveformRenderingOptions,
+  WaveformPoint,
+  WaveformSeries,
+  WaveformGridOptions,
+} from './data/types'
+
+export type { WaveformGridOptions as WaveformGridConfig } from './core/grid'
+
+// 可选：导出各系统的组件（供高级用户使用）
+export { WaveformTooltip } from './interaction'
+export { WaveformTrack } from './rendering'
+export {
+  WaveformAnnotationLayer,
+  WaveformAnnotationToolbar,
+  WaveformAnnotationContextMenu,
+} from './annotation'
--- a/src/components/interaction/WaveformTooltip.vue
+++ b/src/components/interaction/WaveformTooltip.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed } from 'vue'
+import { formatTooltipNumber, formatTooltipTime } from '../../utils'
+import type { WaveformPoint } from '../data/types'
+
+interface SeriesPoint {
+  trackIndex: number
+  name: string
+  color: string
+  unit?: string
+  point: WaveformPoint
+}
+
+interface Props {
+  /** 是否显示 */
+  visible: boolean
+  /** 鼠标位置 */
+  position: { x: number; y: number }
+  /** 时间单位 */
+  timeUnit: 's' | 'ms'
+  /** 悬浮的点 */
+  hoveredPoint: WaveformPoint | null
+  /** 所有系列的悬浮点 */
+  seriesPoints: SeriesPoint[]
+  /** 容器宽度 */
+  containerWidth: number
+  /** 容器高度 */
+  containerHeight: number
+}
+
+const props = defineProps<Props>()
+
+const tooltipStyle = computed(() => {
+  if (!props.visible || !props.hoveredPoint) return { display: 'none' }
+
+  const estimatedHeight = 44 + props.seriesPoints.length * 22
+  return {
+    left: `${Math.min(props.position.x + 12, Math.max(8, props.containerWidth - 250))}px`,
+    top: `${Math.max(8, Math.min(props.position.y - 18, props.containerHeight - estimatedHeight - 8))}px`,
+  }
+})
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <div
+    v-if="visible && hoveredPoint"
+    class="waveform-tooltip waveform-chart__tooltip"
+    :style="tooltipStyle"
+  >
+    <span class="waveform-tooltip__time waveform-chart__tooltip-time">
+      {{ timeUnit }}: {{ formatTooltipTime(hoveredPoint.x, timeUnit) }}
+    </span>
+    <span
+      v-for="seriesPoint in seriesPoints"
+      :key="`${seriesPoint.trackIndex}-${seriesPoint.name}`"
+      class="waveform-tooltip__series waveform-chart__tooltip-series"
+    >
+      <i :style="{ backgroundColor: seriesPoint.color }" />
+      <strong v-if="seriesPoint.name">{{ seriesPoint.name }}:</strong>
+      <span>
+        {{ formatTooltipNumber(seriesPoint.point.y)
+        }}{{ seriesPoint.unit ? ` ${seriesPoint.unit}` : '' }}
+      </span>
+    </span>
+  </div>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.waveform-tooltip {
+  position: absolute;
+  z-index: 2;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 3px;
+  min-width: 180px;
+  max-width: 238px;
+  padding: 8px 10px;
+  color: #333;
+  font:
+    12px/1.45 ui-monospace,
+    SFMono-Regular,
+    Consolas,
+    monospace;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  background: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #d9d9d9;
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgb(16 24 40 / 12%);
+}
+
+.waveform-tooltip__time {
+  padding-bottom: 4px;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid #f0f0f0;
+}
+
+.waveform-tooltip__series {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 8px auto minmax(0, 1fr);
+  gap: 6px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.waveform-tooltip__series i {
+  width: 8px;
+  height: 8px;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+}
+
+.waveform-tooltip__series strong {
+  overflow: hidden;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+</style>
--- a/src/components/interaction/index.ts
+++ b/src/components/interaction/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default as WaveformTooltip } from './WaveformTooltip.vue'
--- a/src/components/rendering/WaveformTrack.vue
+++ b/src/components/rendering/WaveformTrack.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { nextTick, onMounted, ref, watch } from 'vue'
+import { axisBottom, axisLeft, select } from 'd3'
+import { formatAxisTime, formatScientificYAxisLabel } from '../../utils'
+import type { WaveformDisplayMode, WaveformInteractionMode } from '../data/types'
+import type { DisplaySeries, HoveredSeriesPoint, TrackLayout } from '../core/types'
+
+interface Props {
+  /** 轨道布局信息 */
+  track: TrackLayout
+  /** clipPath ID */
+  clipPathId: string
+  /** 内部宽度 */
+  innerWidth: number
+  /** 是否显示 tooltip */
+  showTooltip: boolean
+  /** 是否可缩放 */
+  zoomable: boolean
+  /** 显示模式 */
+  displayMode: WaveformDisplayMode
+  /** 当前工具模式 */
+  interactionMode?: WaveformInteractionMode
+  /** 帧编号 */
+  frameNumber?: string | number
+  /** 时间单位 */
+  timeUnit: 's' | 'ms'
+  /** 悬浮点（用于显示十字线） */
+  hoveredPoint?: HoveredSeriesPoint
+  /** Y 轴标签回退值 */
+  yLabel?: string
+}
+
+interface Emits {
+  (e: 'pointer-move', event: PointerEvent): void
+  (e: 'pointer-leave'): void
+  (e: 'click', event: MouseEvent): void
+  (e: 'contextmenu', event: MouseEvent): void
+}
+
+const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
+  interactionMode: 'zoom',
+})
+const emit = defineEmits<Emits>()
+
+const xAxisElement = ref<SVGGElement>()
+const yAxisElement = ref<SVGGElement>()
+
+function resolveYAxisLabel(series: DisplaySeries): string {
+  return series.name.trim() || props.yLabel || ''
+}
+
+/**
+ * 判断是否应该显示 Y 轴标签
+ * 在紧凑模式下，当轨道高度太小时隐藏标签避免重叠
+ */
+function shouldShowYAxisLabel(trackHeight: number, trackIndex: number): boolean {
+  const MIN_HEIGHT_FOR_LABEL = 80
+
+  if (trackHeight >= MIN_HEIGHT_FOR_LABEL) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  const labelSpacing = Math.ceil(MIN_HEIGHT_FOR_LABEL / trackHeight)
+  return trackIndex % labelSpacing === 0
+}
+
+function crosshairX(): number {
+  return props.hoveredPoint && props.hoveredPoint.trackIndex === props.track.index
+    ? props.track.xScale(props.hoveredPoint.point.x)
+    : 0
+}
+
+function crosshairY(): number {
+  return props.hoveredPoint && props.hoveredPoint.trackIndex === props.track.index
+    ? props.track.yScale(props.hoveredPoint.point.y)
+    : 0
+}
+
+function hasCrosshair(): boolean {
+  return (
+    props.showTooltip &&
+    props.hoveredPoint !== undefined &&
+    props.hoveredPoint.trackIndex === props.track.index
+  )
+}
+
+function renderAxes() {
+  if (yAxisElement.value) {
+    const [axisMin, axisMax] = props.track.yScale.domain()
+    const visibleTicks = props.track.yAxisTickValues ?? props.track.yMajorTicks
+    const topTickValue = visibleTicks.reduce<number | undefined>((closestTick, tickValue) => {
+      if (closestTick === undefined) return tickValue
+      return Math.abs(tickValue - axisMax) < Math.abs(closestTick - axisMax)
+        ? tickValue
+        : closestTick
+    }, undefined)
+    const yAxis = axisLeft(props.track.yScale)
+      .tickFormat((value) =>
+        formatScientificYAxisLabel(Number(value), { axisMin, axisMax, topTickValue }),
+      )
+      .tickSize(-4)
+      .tickPadding(7)
+      .tickSizeOuter(0)
+
+    if (props.track.yAxisTickValues) {
+      yAxis.tickValues(props.track.yAxisTickValues)
+    }
+
+    select(yAxisElement.value).call(yAxis)
+  }
+
+  if (xAxisElement.value) {
+    select(xAxisElement.value).call(
+      axisBottom(props.track.xScale)
+        .tickValues(props.track.xAxisTickValues)
+        .tickFormat((value) => formatAxisTime(Number(value), props.timeUnit))
+        .tickSize(-4)
+        .tickPadding(7)
+        .tickSizeOuter(0),
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+onMounted(async () => {
+  await nextTick()
+  renderAxes()
+})
+
+watch(
+  [
+    () => props.track.xScale,
+    () => props.track.yScale,
+    () => props.track.xAxisTickValues,
+    () => props.track.yAxisTickValues,
+    () => props.timeUnit,
+  ],
+  async () => {
+    await nextTick()
+    renderAxes()
+  },
+  { flush: 'post' },
+)
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <g
+    class="waveform-track waveform-chart__track"
+    :data-track-index="track.index"
+    :data-track-left="track.left"
+    :data-track-width="track.width"
+    :data-y-axis-label-x="track.yAxisLabelX"
+    :data-track-top="track.top"
+    :data-track-height="track.height"
+    :transform="`translate(${track.left ?? 0}, ${track.top})`"
+  >
+    <!-- 网格和背景 -->
+    <g :clip-path="`url(#${clipPathId}-${track.index})`" aria-hidden="true">
+      <g
+        class="waveform-track__grid waveform-track__grid--minor waveform-chart__grid waveform-chart__grid--minor"
+      >
+        <line
+          v-for="tick in track.xMinorTicks"
+          :key="`x-minor-${track.index}-${tick}`"
+          :x1="track.xScale(tick)"
+          :x2="track.xScale(tick)"
+          y1="0"
+          :y2="track.height"
+        />
+        <line
+          v-for="tick in track.yMinorTicks"
+          :key="`y-minor-${track.index}-${tick}`"
+          x1="0"
+          :x2="track.width ?? innerWidth"
+          :y1="track.yScale(tick)"
+          :y2="track.yScale(tick)"
+        />
+      </g>
+      <g
+        class="waveform-track__grid waveform-track__grid--major waveform-chart__grid waveform-chart__grid--major"
+      >
+        <line
+          v-for="tick in track.xMajorTicks"
+          :key="`x-major-${track.index}-${tick}`"
+          :x1="track.xScale(tick)"
+          :x2="track.xScale(tick)"
+          y1="0"
+          :y2="track.height"
+        />
+        <line
+          v-for="tick in track.yMajorTicks"
+          :key="`y-major-${track.index}-${tick}`"
+          x1="0"
+          :x2="track.width ?? innerWidth"
+          :y1="track.yScale(tick)"
+          :y2="track.yScale(tick)"
+        />
+      </g>
+    </g>
+
+    <!-- 帧编号水印 -->
+    <text
+      v-if="frameNumber !== undefined"
+      class="waveform-track__watermark waveform-chart__watermark"
+      :x="(track.width ?? innerWidth) / 2"
+      :y="track.height / 2"
+      :style="{ fontSize: `${Math.min(120, track.height * 0.65)}px` }"
+      text-anchor="middle"
+      dominant-baseline="central"
+      aria-hidden="true"
+    >
+      {{ frameNumber }}
+    </text>
+
+    <!-- X 轴 -->
+    <g
+      v-if="track.showXAxis"
+      ref="xAxisElement"
+      class="waveform-track__axis waveform-track__axis--x waveform-chart__axis waveform-chart__axis--x"
+      :transform="`translate(0, ${track.height})`"
+    />
+    <g
+      v-if="track.showXAxis"
+      class="waveform-track__axis-endpoints waveform-chart__axis-endpoints"
+      :transform="`translate(0, ${track.height})`"
+      font-family="sans-serif"
+      font-size="10"
+      aria-hidden="true"
+    >
+      <text
+        class="waveform-track__axis-endpoint waveform-track__axis-endpoint--start waveform-chart__axis-endpoint waveform-chart__axis-endpoint--start"
+        x="0"
+        y="7"
+        dy="0.71em"
+        text-anchor="start"
+      >
+        {{ track.endpointLabels.start }}
+      </text>
+      <text
+        class="waveform-track__axis-endpoint waveform-track__axis-endpoint--end waveform-chart__axis-endpoint waveform-chart__axis-endpoint--end"
+        :x="track.width ?? innerWidth"
+        y="7"
+        dy="0.71em"
+        text-anchor="end"
+      >
+        {{ track.endpointLabels.end }}
+      </text>
+    </g>
+
+    <!-- Y 轴 -->
+    <g
+      ref="yAxisElement"
+      class="waveform-track__axis waveform-track__axis--y waveform-chart__axis waveform-chart__axis--y"
+    />
+
+    <!-- Y 轴标签 -->
+    <g
+      v-if="
+        track.showYAxisLabel &&
+        resolveYAxisLabel(track.series) &&
+        shouldShowYAxisLabel(track.height, track.index)
+      "
+    >
+      <rect
+        class="waveform-track__y-axis-label-bg waveform-chart__y-axis-label-bg"
+        :x="track.yAxisLabelX - 12"
+        :y="track.height / 2 - 40"
+        width="24"
+        height="80"
+        rx="2"
+      />
+      <text
+        class="waveform-track__y-axis-label waveform-chart__y-axis-label"
+        :fill="track.series.color"
+        :transform="`translate(${track.yAxisLabelX}, ${track.height / 2}) rotate(-90)`"
+        text-anchor="middle"
+        dominant-baseline="central"
+      >
+        {{ resolveYAxisLabel(track.series) }}
+      </text>
+    </g>
+
+    <!-- 轨道边框 -->
+    <rect
+      class="waveform-track__plot-frame waveform-chart__plot-frame"
+      :width="track.width ?? innerWidth"
+      :height="track.height"
+      aria-hidden="true"
+    />
+
+    <!-- 波形线 -->
+    <path
+      class="waveform-track__line waveform-chart__line"
+      :data-series-id="track.series.id"
+      :data-series-name="track.series.name || undefined"
+      :d="track.path ?? undefined"
+      :stroke="track.series.color"
+      :clip-path="`url(#${clipPathId}-${track.index})`"
+    />
+
+    <!-- 十字线 -->
+    <g
+      v-if="hasCrosshair()"
+      class="waveform-track__crosshair waveform-chart__crosshair"
+      :clip-path="`url(#${clipPathId}-${track.index})`"
+    >
+      <line :x1="crosshairX()" :x2="crosshairX()" y1="0" :y2="track.height" />
+      <line x1="0" :x2="track.width ?? innerWidth" :y1="crosshairY()" :y2="crosshairY()" />
+      <circle :cx="crosshairX()" :cy="crosshairY()" r="4" :fill="track.series.color" />
+    </g>
+
+    <!-- 交互覆盖层（仅在独立模式下） -->
+    <rect
+      v-if="displayMode === 'independent'"
+      class="waveform-track__overlay waveform-track__overlay--independent waveform-chart__overlay waveform-chart__overlay--independent"
+      :class="{
+        'is-zoomable': zoomable && interactionMode === 'zoom',
+        'is-annotating': interactionMode === 'annotation',
+      }"
+      :data-independent-overlay-index="track.index"
+      :width="track.width ?? innerWidth"
+      :height="track.height"
+      @pointermove="emit('pointer-move', $event)"
+      @pointerleave="emit('pointer-leave')"
+      @click="emit('click', $event)"
+      @contextmenu="emit('contextmenu', $event)"
+    />
+  </g>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.waveform-track {
+  isolation: isolate;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__line {
+  fill: none;
+  stroke-width: 1.5;
+  stroke-linejoin: round;
+  stroke-linecap: round;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__y-axis-label-bg {
+  fill: white;
+  opacity: 0.9;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__y-axis-label {
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__grid {
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__grid--major line {
+  stroke: #dfe5ef;
+  stroke-width: 1;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__grid--minor line {
+  stroke: #f2f5fa;
+  stroke-width: 1;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__plot-frame {
+  fill: none;
+  stroke: #1f2937;
+  stroke-width: 1;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__watermark {
+  fill: rgb(22 119 255 / 10%);
+  font-family: Consolas, Monaco, 'Courier New', monospace;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__overlay {
+  fill: transparent;
+  cursor: crosshair;
+  touch-action: none;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__overlay.is-zoomable {
+  cursor: grab;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__overlay.is-zoomable:active {
+  cursor: grabbing;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__overlay.is-annotating {
+  cursor: crosshair;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__crosshair {
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__crosshair line {
+  stroke: #57617b;
+  stroke-width: 1;
+  stroke-dasharray: 4 3;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__crosshair circle {
+  stroke: #fff;
+  stroke-width: 2;
+}
+
+.waveform-track__axis-endpoint {
+  fill: #667085;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+:deep(.waveform-track__axis path),
+:deep(.waveform-track__axis line) {
+  stroke: #1f2937;
+}
+
+:deep(.waveform-track__axis text) {
+  fill: #667085;
+  font-size: 11px;
+}
+</style>
--- a/src/components/rendering/index.ts
+++ b/src/components/rendering/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { default as WaveformTrack } from './WaveformTrack.vue'
--- a/src/components/waveform.ts
+++ b/src/components/waveform.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ * 向后兼容的导出文件
+ * 保留原有导入路径，内部从新的模块结构导出
+ */
+
+// 类型定义
+export type {
+  WaveformPoint,
+  WaveformDisplayMode,
+  WaveformInteractionMode,
+  WaveformAnnotationStyle,
+  WaveformAnnotation,
+  WaveformRenderingOptions,
+  SingleWaveformData,
+  WaveformSeries,
+  WaveformData,
+  NormalizedWaveformSeries,
+} from '../types'
+
+// 数据处理函数
+export { normalizeWaveformData, normalizeWaveformSeries } from '../core'
--- a/src/core/data.ts
+++ b/src/core/data.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import type { SingleWaveformData, WaveformData, WaveformPoint, NormalizedWaveformSeries } from '../types'
+
+/**
+ * 规范化单波形数据
+ * @param data 输入数据（samples 或 points 格式）
+ * @returns 规范化后的点数组
+ */
+export function normalizeWaveformData(data: SingleWaveformData): WaveformPoint[] {
+  if (data.kind === 'samples') {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(data.sampleRate) || data.sampleRate <= 0) return []
+
+    const startTime = Number.isFinite(data.startTime) ? (data.startTime ?? 0) : 0
+    return data.values.flatMap((value, index) =>
+      Number.isFinite(value) ? [{ x: startTime + index / data.sampleRate, y: value }] : [],
+    )
+  }
+
+  return data.points
+    .filter((point) => Number.isFinite(point.x) && Number.isFinite(point.y))
+    .map((point) => ({ ...point }))
+    .sort((left, right) => left.x - right.x)
+}
+
+/**
+ * 规范化波形系列数据
+ * @param data 输入数据（单波形或多通道）
+ * @returns 规范化后的系列数组
+ */
+export function normalizeWaveformSeries(data: WaveformData): NormalizedWaveformSeries[] {
+  if (data.kind !== 'series') {
+    const points = normalizeWaveformData(data)
+    return points.length > 0 ? [{ id: 'series-0', name: '', points }] : []
+  }
+
+  const usedIds = new Set<string>()
+
+  return data.series
+    .map((series, index) => {
+      const id = series.id?.trim() || `series-${index}`
+
+      // 确保 ID 唯一，如果重复则添加后缀
+      let uniqueId = id
+      let suffix = 1
+      while (usedIds.has(uniqueId)) {
+        uniqueId = `${id}-${suffix}`
+        suffix++
+      }
+      usedIds.add(uniqueId)
+
+      return {
+        id: uniqueId,
+        name: series.name,
+        unit: series.unit,
+        color: series.color,
+        points: normalizeWaveformData(series.data),
+      }
+    })
+    .filter((series) => series.points.length > 0)
+}
--- a/src/core/index.ts
+++ b/src/core/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/**
+ * 核心引擎模块统一导出
+ */
+
+// 数据处理
+export { normalizeWaveformData, normalizeWaveformSeries } from './data'
+export {
+  DEFAULT_WAVEFORM_RENDERING_OPTIONS,
+  resolveWaveformRenderingOptions,
+  selectRenderablePoints,
+  type ResolvedWaveformRenderingOptions,
+} from './rendering'
--- a/src/core/rendering.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/rendering.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { WaveformPoint } from '../types'
+import { resolveWaveformRenderingOptions, selectRenderablePoints } from './rendering'
+
+describe('waveform rendering selection', () => {
+  const points = Array.from({ length: 10_000 }, (_, index): WaveformPoint => ({
+    x: index,
+    y: index === 5_001 ? 10_000 : Math.sin(index / 20),
+  }))
+
+  it('clips to the visible domain and retains one continuity point on each side', () => {
+    const selected = selectRenderablePoints(
+      points,
+      [4_000, 4_100],
+      500,
+      resolveWaveformRenderingOptions({ downsample: false }),
+    )
+
+    expect(selected[0].x).toBe(3_999)
+    expect(selected.at(-1)?.x).toBe(4_101)
+  })
+
+  it('bounds path density while preserving narrow extrema', () => {
+    const selected = selectRenderablePoints(
+      points,
+      [0, 9_999],
+      100,
+      resolveWaveformRenderingOptions({ downsampleThreshold: 100, maxPointsPerPixel: 4 }),
+    )
+
+    expect(selected.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(402)
+    expect(selected).toContain(points[5_001])
+    expect(selected[0]).toBe(points[0])
+    expect(selected.at(-1)).toBe(points.at(-1))
+  })
+
+  it('normalizes invalid rendering options to stable defaults', () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveWaveformRenderingOptions({ downsampleThreshold: -1, maxPointsPerPixel: 0 }),
+    ).toEqual({ downsample: true, downsampleThreshold: 2_000, maxPointsPerPixel: 4 })
+  })
+})
--- a/src/core/rendering.ts
+++ b/src/core/rendering.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import { bisector } from 'd3'
+
+import type { WaveformPoint, WaveformRenderingOptions } from '../types'
+
+export interface ResolvedWaveformRenderingOptions {
+  downsample: boolean
+  downsampleThreshold: number
+  maxPointsPerPixel: number
+}
+
+export const DEFAULT_WAVEFORM_RENDERING_OPTIONS: ResolvedWaveformRenderingOptions = {
+  downsample: true,
+  downsampleThreshold: 2_000,
+  maxPointsPerPixel: 4,
+}
+
+const pointBisector = bisector((point: WaveformPoint) => point.x)
+
+export function resolveWaveformRenderingOptions(
+  options?: WaveformRenderingOptions,
+): ResolvedWaveformRenderingOptions {
+  const threshold = Number(options?.downsampleThreshold)
+  const pointsPerPixel = Number(options?.maxPointsPerPixel)
+  return {
+    downsample: options?.downsample ?? DEFAULT_WAVEFORM_RENDERING_OPTIONS.downsample,
+    downsampleThreshold:
+      Number.isFinite(threshold) && threshold >= 2
+        ? Math.floor(threshold)
+        : DEFAULT_WAVEFORM_RENDERING_OPTIONS.downsampleThreshold,
+    maxPointsPerPixel:
+      Number.isFinite(pointsPerPixel) && pointsPerPixel > 0
+        ? pointsPerPixel
+        : DEFAULT_WAVEFORM_RENDERING_OPTIONS.maxPointsPerPixel,
+  }
+}
+
+function pushUniquePoint(target: WaveformPoint[], point: WaveformPoint | undefined) {
+  if (point && target[target.length - 1] !== point) target.push(point)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Select the visible source range and preserve first/min/max/last values in each X bucket.
+ * Source points must be sorted by X.
+ */
+export function selectRenderablePoints(
+  points: WaveformPoint[],
+  domain: [number, number],
+  width: number,
+  options: ResolvedWaveformRenderingOptions,
+): WaveformPoint[] {
+  if (!points.length || width <= 0) return []
+
+  const domainStart = Math.min(domain[0], domain[1])
+  const domainEnd = Math.max(domain[0], domain[1])
+  const visibleStart = pointBisector.left(points, domainStart)
+  const visibleEnd = pointBisector.right(points, domainEnd)
+  const start = Math.max(0, visibleStart - 1)
+  const end = Math.min(points.length, visibleEnd + 1)
+  const visibleCount = end - start
+  if (visibleCount <= 0) return []
+  if (!options.downsample || visibleCount <= options.downsampleThreshold) {
+    return points.slice(start, end)
+  }
+
+  const maximumPointCount = Math.max(4, Math.floor(width * options.maxPointsPerPixel))
+  const bucketCount = Math.max(1, Math.floor(maximumPointCount / 4))
+  if (visibleCount <= maximumPointCount) return points.slice(start, end)
+
+  const result: WaveformPoint[] = []
+  const span = domainEnd - domainStart || 1
+  let activeBucket = -1
+  let firstIndex = -1
+  let lastIndex = -1
+  let minimumIndex = -1
+  let maximumIndex = -1
+
+  const flushBucket = () => {
+    if (firstIndex < 0) return
+    const indexes = [firstIndex, minimumIndex, maximumIndex, lastIndex]
+      .filter((index, position, source) => index >= 0 && source.indexOf(index) === position)
+      .sort((left, right) => left - right)
+    indexes.forEach((index) => pushUniquePoint(result, points[index]))
+  }
+
+  pushUniquePoint(result, points[start])
+  for (let index = Math.max(start, visibleStart); index < Math.min(end, visibleEnd); index += 1) {
+    const point = points[index]
+    const bucket = Math.min(
+      bucketCount - 1,
+      Math.max(0, Math.floor(((point.x - domainStart) / span) * bucketCount)),
+    )
+    if (bucket !== activeBucket) {
+      flushBucket()
+      activeBucket = bucket
+      firstIndex = index
+      lastIndex = index
+      minimumIndex = index
+      maximumIndex = index
+      continue
+    }
+    lastIndex = index
+    if (point.y < points[minimumIndex].y) minimumIndex = index
+    if (point.y > points[maximumIndex].y) maximumIndex = index
+  }
+  flushBucket()
+  pushUniquePoint(result, points[end - 1])
+  return result
+}
--- a/src/data/wData.json
+++ b/src/data/wData.json
@@ -0,0 +1,813 @@
+[
+  {
+    "chnl": "BT2_2M",
+    "chnl_id": 4742,
+    "dat_unit": "T",
+    "data": [
+      0.00037805046304129064, -0.0007567321881651878, -0.00037805046304129064,
+      -0.00037805046304129064, -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7,
+      -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7,
+      -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7,
+      -6.31265379524848e-7, -0.00037805046304129064, -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7,
+      -0.00037931298720650375, -0.00037805046304129064, -6.31265379524848e-7,
+      -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037805046304129064,
+      -0.00037805046304129064, -0.0007567321881651878, -6.31265379524848e-7,
+      -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037805046304129064, -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7,
+      -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037805046304129064,
+      -0.0007567321881651878, -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7,
+      -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037931298720650375, -0.0007567321881651878,
+      -0.00037931298720650375, -0.00037931298720650375, -0.00037805046304129064,
+      -0.00037931298720650375, -6.31265379524848e-7, -0.00037805046304129064,
+      -0.00037805046304129064, -6.31265379524848e-7, -0.0007567321881651878,
+      -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037805046304129064,
+      -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037805046304129064,
+      -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037931298720650375,
+      -6.31265379524848e-7, -6.31265379524848e-7, -0.00037805046304129064, -0.0007567321881651878,
+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.00037805046304129064, -0.00037931298720650375,
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+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878, -0.00037805046304129064,
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+      -6.31265379524848e-7, -0.0007567321881651878, -0.00037805046304129064, -0.0007567321881651878,
+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878,
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+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878, -0.00037805046304129064,
+      -0.0011354138841852546, -0.00037931298720650375, -0.00037931298720650375,
+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878, -6.31265379524848e-7, -0.0011354138841852546,
+      -0.0011354138841852546, -0.00037931298720650375, -0.0007567321881651878,
+      -0.00037931298720650375, -0.00037931298720650375, -0.0007567321881651878,
+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878,
+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878,
+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878,
+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878, -0.00037805046304129064,
+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007567321881651878,
+      -0.0007567321881651878, -0.0007554696639999747, -0.0007567321881651878,
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+      1597.6, 1610.5, 1623.3999999999999, 1636.3000000000002, 1649.2, 1662.1, 1675,
+      1687.8999999999999, 1700.8000000000002, 1713.7, 1726.6, 1739.5, 1752.3999999999999,
+      1765.3000000000002, 1778.2, 1791.1, 1804, 1816.8999999999999, 1829.8000000000002, 1842.7,
+      1855.6, 1868.5, 1881.3999999999999, 1894.3000000000002, 1907.2, 1920.1, 1933,
+      1945.8999999999999, 1958.8000000000002, 1971.7, 1984.6, 1997.5, 2010.4, 2023.3, 2036.2,
+      2049.1000000000004, 2062, 2074.9, 2087.8, 2100.7, 2126.5, 2139.4, 2152.2999999999997, 2165.2,
+      2178.1000000000004, 2191, 2203.9, 2216.8, 2229.7, 2242.6, 2255.5, 2268.4, 2281.2999999999997,
+      2294.2, 2307.1000000000004, 2320, 2332.9, 2345.8, 2358.7, 2371.6, 2384.5, 2397.4,
+      2410.2999999999997, 2423.2, 2436.1000000000004, 2449, 2461.9, 2474.8, 2487.7, 2500.6, 2513.5,
+      2526.4, 2539.2999999999997, 2552.2, 2565.1000000000004, 2578, 2590.9, 2603.8, 2616.7, 2629.6,
+      2642.5, 2655.4, 2668.2999999999997, 2681.2, 2694.1000000000004, 2707, 2719.9, 2732.8, 2745.7,
+      2758.6, 2771.5, 2784.4, 2797.2999999999997, 2810.2, 2823.1000000000004, 2836, 2848.9, 2861.8,
+      2874.7, 2887.6, 2900.5, 2913.4, 2926.2999999999997, 2939.2, 2952.1000000000004, 2965, 2977.9,
+      2990.8, 3003.7, 3016.6, 3029.5, 3042.4, 3055.2999999999997, 3068.2, 3081.1000000000004, 3094,
+      3106.9, 3119.8, 3132.7, 3145.6, 3158.5, 3171.4, 3184.2999999999997, 3197.2,
+      3210.1000000000004, 3223, 3235.9, 3248.8, 3261.7, 3274.6, 3287.5, 3300.3999999999996,
+      3313.2999999999997, 3326.2, 3339.1000000000004, 3352, 3364.9, 3377.8, 3390.7, 3403.6, 3416.5,
+      3429.3999999999996, 3442.2999999999997, 3455.2000000000003, 3468.1000000000004, 3481, 3493.9,
+      3506.8, 3519.7, 3532.6, 3545.5, 3571.2999999999997, 3584.2000000000003, 3597.1000000000004,
+      3610, 3622.9, 3635.8, 3648.7, 3661.6, 3674.5, 3687.3999999999996, 3700.2999999999997,
+      3713.2000000000003, 3726.1000000000004, 3739, 3751.9, 3764.8, 3777.7, 3790.6, 3803.5,
+      3816.3999999999996, 3829.2999999999997, 3842.2000000000003, 3855.1000000000004, 3868, 3880.9,
+      3893.8, 3906.7, 3919.6, 3932.5, 3945.3999999999996, 3958.2999999999997, 3971.2000000000003,
+      3984.1000000000004, 3997, 4009.9, 4022.8, 4035.7000000000003, 4048.6000000000004,
+      4061.4999999999995, 4074.3999999999996, 4087.2999999999997, 4100.2, 4113.1, 4126, 4138.9,
+      4151.799999999999, 4164.7, 4177.6, 4190.5, 4203.400000000001, 4216.3, 4229.2,
+      4242.099999999999, 4255, 4267.9, 4280.8, 4293.700000000001, 4306.6, 4319.5, 4332.4, 4345.3,
+      4358.2, 4371.1, 4384, 4396.9, 4409.799999999999, 4422.7, 4435.6, 4448.5, 4461.400000000001,
+      4474.3, 4487.2, 4500.099999999999, 4513, 4525.9, 4538.8, 4551.700000000001, 4564.6, 4577.5,
+      4590.4, 4603.3, 4616.2, 4629.1, 4642, 4654.9, 4667.799999999999, 4680.7, 4693.6, 4706.5,
+      4719.400000000001, 4732.3, 4745.2, 4758.099999999999, 4771, 4783.9, 4796.8, 4809.700000000001,
+      4822.6, 4835.5, 4848.4, 4861.3, 4874.2, 4887.1, 4900, 4912.9, 4925.8, 4938.7, 4951.6, 4964.5,
+      4977.400000000001, 4990.3
+    ],
+    "time_unit": "ms"
+  }
+]
--- a/src/env.d.ts
+++ b/src/env.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/// <reference types="vite/client" />
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/**
+ * 波形分析组件库主入口
+ * @packageDocumentation
+ */
+
+// Vue 组件
+export { default as WaveformChart } from './components/WaveformChart.vue'
+
+// 类型定义
+export type {
+  // 图表类型
+  WaveformPoint,
+  WaveformDisplayMode,
+  WaveformInteractionMode,
+  WaveformAnnotationStyle,
+  WaveformAnnotation,
+  WaveformRenderingOptions,
+  // 数据类型
+  SingleWaveformData,
+  WaveformSeries,
+  WaveformData,
+  NormalizedWaveformSeries,
+} from './types'
+
+export type { WaveformGridOptions } from './components/core/grid'
+
+// 核心功能
+export { normalizeWaveformData, normalizeWaveformSeries } from './core'
+
+// 工具函数
+export {
+  paddedDomain,
+  buildMinorTicks,
+  displayTime,
+  formatEndpointTime,
+  formatAxisTime,
+  formatTooltipTime,
+  resolveTrackGeometry,
+  clamp,
+  type TimeUnit,
+  type TrackGeometry,
+} from './utils'
+
+export {
+  DEFAULT_WAVEFORM_RENDERING_OPTIONS,
+  resolveWaveformRenderingOptions,
+  selectRenderablePoints,
+  type ResolvedWaveformRenderingOptions,
+} from './core'
--- a/src/main.ts
+++ b/src/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import { createApp } from 'vue'
+import 'ant-design-vue/dist/reset.css'
+
+import App from './App.vue'
+import './styles.css'
+
+createApp(App).mount('#app')
--- a/src/styles.css
+++ b/src/styles.css
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+:root {
+  color: #101828;
+  font-family:
+    Inter,
+    ui-sans-serif,
+    system-ui,
+    -apple-system,
+    BlinkMacSystemFont,
+    'Segoe UI',
+    sans-serif;
+  font-synthesis: none;
+  text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
+  background: #f5f7fa;
+}
+
+* {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+body {
+  min-width: 320px;
+  min-height: 100vh;
+  margin: 0;
+}
+
+.workspace {
+  width: min(1440px, 100%);
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 28px clamp(16px, 4vw, 56px) 48px;
+}
+
+.workspace__header {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: flex-end;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 24px;
+  margin-bottom: 24px;
+}
+
+.workspace__eyebrow {
+  margin: 0 0 6px;
+  color: #1677ff;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+
+h1,
+p {
+  margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+h1 {
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  font-size: 28px;
+  font-weight: 650;
+}
+
+.control-bar {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 20px;
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  background: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #e4e7ec;
+  border-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+.control-bar__leading {
+  display: flex;
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  gap: 12px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.display-mode-control {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.grid-size-control {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  color: #475467;
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+
+.grid-size-control .ant-input-number {
+  width: 54px;
+}
+
+.metrics {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  justify-content: flex-end;
+  gap: 8px 18px;
+  color: #667085;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+}
+
+.chart-panel {
+  background: transparent;
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 700px) {
+  .workspace {
+    padding-top: 20px;
+  }
+
+  .workspace__header,
+  .control-bar {
+    align-items: stretch;
+    flex-direction: column;
+  }
+
+  .control-bar__leading {
+    flex-wrap: wrap;
+  }
+
+  .display-mode-control {
+    max-width: 100%;
+  }
+
+  .metrics {
+    justify-content: flex-start;
+  }
+}
--- a/src/test/setup.ts
+++ b/src/test/setup.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { beforeEach, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+interface ResizeObserverEntryMock {
+  target: Element
+  contentRect: DOMRectReadOnly
+}
+
+type ResizeCallback = (entries: ResizeObserverEntryMock[]) => void
+
+export const resizeObservers: ResizeObserverMock[] = []
+
+export class ResizeObserverMock {
+  private target?: Element
+
+  constructor(private readonly callback: ResizeCallback) {
+    resizeObservers.push(this)
+  }
+
+  observe = vi.fn((target: Element) => {
+    this.target = target
+  })
+
+  unobserve = vi.fn()
+  disconnect = vi.fn()
+
+  resize(width: number, height = 400) {
+    if (!this.target) return
+    this.callback([
+      {
+        target: this.target,
+        contentRect: { width, height } as DOMRectReadOnly,
+      },
+    ])
+  }
+}
+
+vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', ResizeObserverMock)
+vi.stubGlobal(
+  'matchMedia',
+  vi.fn((query: string): MediaQueryList => ({
+    matches: false,
+    media: query,
+    onchange: null,
+    addListener: vi.fn(),
+    removeListener: vi.fn(),
+    addEventListener: vi.fn(),
+    removeEventListener: vi.fn(),
+    dispatchEvent: vi.fn(),
+  })),
+)
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  resizeObservers.length = 0
+})
--- a/src/types/chart.ts
+++ b/src/types/chart.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/**
+ * 波形数据点
+ */
+export interface WaveformPoint {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * 显示模式
+ * - independent: 每个波形独立 Y 轴和缩放
+ * - separated: 波形垂直堆叠，共享 X 轴
+ * - compact: 波形叠加显示
+ */
+export type WaveformDisplayMode = 'independent' | 'separated' | 'compact'
+
+/** 标注工具模式 */
+export type WaveformInteractionMode = 'zoom' | 'annotation'
+
+/** 标注颜色样式 */
+export interface WaveformAnnotationStyle {
+  borderColor?: string
+  textColor?: string
+  backgroundColor?: string
+}
+
+/** 绑定到波形数据坐标的文字标注 */
+export interface WaveformAnnotation {
+  id: string
+  seriesId: string
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  text: string
+  style?: WaveformAnnotationStyle
+  createdAt?: string
+}
+
+/** Controls how many source points are included in the rendered SVG path. */
+export interface WaveformRenderingOptions {
+  /** Disable only when every source point must be rendered. */
+  downsample?: boolean
+  /** Visible point count below which the complete range is rendered. */
+  downsampleThreshold?: number
+  /** Upper bound for rendered points per horizontal CSS pixel. */
+  maxPointsPerPixel?: number
+}
--- a/src/types/data.ts
+++ b/src/types/data.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import type { WaveformPoint } from './chart'
+
+/**
+ * 单波形数据格式（采样点或显式坐标点）
+ */
+export type SingleWaveformData =
+  | {
+      kind: 'samples'
+      values: number[]
+      sampleRate: number
+      startTime?: number
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'points'
+      points: WaveformPoint[]
+    }
+
+/**
+ * 波形系列
+ */
+export interface WaveformSeries {
+  id?: string
+  name: string
+  unit?: string
+  color?: string
+  data: SingleWaveformData
+}
+
+/**
+ * 波形数据（单波形或多通道）
+ */
+export type WaveformData =
+  | SingleWaveformData
+  | {
+      kind: 'series'
+      series: WaveformSeries[]
+    }
+
+/**
+ * 规范化后的波形系列
+ */
+export interface NormalizedWaveformSeries {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  unit?: string
+  color?: string
+  points: WaveformPoint[]
+}
--- a/src/types/index.ts
+++ b/src/types/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ * 类型定义统一导出
+ */
+
+// 图表类型
+export type {
+  WaveformPoint,
+  WaveformDisplayMode,
+  WaveformInteractionMode,
+  WaveformAnnotationStyle,
+  WaveformAnnotation,
+  WaveformRenderingOptions,
+} from './chart'
+
+// 数据类型
+export type {
+  SingleWaveformData,
+  WaveformSeries,
+  WaveformData,
+  NormalizedWaveformSeries,
+} from './data'
--- a/src/utils/domain.ts
+++ b/src/utils/domain.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { extent } from 'd3'
+
+/**
+ * 计算带边距的数据域
+ * @param values 数值数组
+ * @returns 数据域 [最小值, 最大值]，如果数组为空返回 [0, 1]
+ */
+export function paddedDomain(values: number[]): [number, number] {
+  if (values.length === 0) return [0, 1]
+  const [minimum = 0, maximum = 1] = extent(values)
+  if (minimum !== maximum) return [minimum, maximum]
+  const padding = Math.abs(minimum) * 0.05 || 0.5
+  return [minimum - padding, maximum + padding]
+}
+
+/**
+ * 在主刻度之间生成次要刻度
+ * @param values 主刻度值数组
+ * @param subdivisions 细分数量，默认 5
+ * @returns 次要刻度值数组
+ */
+export function buildMinorTicks(values: number[], subdivisions = 5): number[] {
+  return values.flatMap((value, index) => {
+    const nextValue = values[index + 1]
+    if (nextValue === undefined) return []
+    const step = (nextValue - value) / subdivisions
+    return Array.from({ length: subdivisions - 1 }, (_, minorIndex) => value + step * (minorIndex + 1))
+  })
+}
--- a/src/utils/formatters.test.ts
+++ b/src/utils/formatters.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+  formatAnnotationTime,
+  formatPlainNumber,
+  formatScientificYAxisLabel,
+  formatTooltipNumber,
+  shouldUseScientificYAxisLabel,
+} from './formatters'
+
+describe('waveform number formatters', () => {
+  it('uses the reference Y-axis scientific notation boundaries', () => {
+    expect(shouldUseScientificYAxisLabel(0)).toBe(false)
+    expect(shouldUseScientificYAxisLabel(0.009)).toBe(true)
+    expect(shouldUseScientificYAxisLabel(0.01)).toBe(false)
+    expect(shouldUseScientificYAxisLabel(99.99)).toBe(false)
+    expect(shouldUseScientificYAxisLabel(100)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('shares one exponent and prefixes only the top visible tick', () => {
+    const positiveAxis = { axisMin: 0, axisMax: 254, topTickValue: 254 }
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(127, positiveAxis)).toBe('1.27')
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(254, positiveAxis)).toBe('E+02 2.54')
+
+    const tinyAxis = { axisMin: 0, axisMax: 0.0002, topTickValue: 0.0002 }
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(0.0001, tinyAxis)).toBe('1.00')
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(0.0002, tinyAxis)).toBe('E-04 2.00')
+
+    const negativeAxis = { axisMin: -254, axisMax: 0, topTickValue: 0 }
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(-254, negativeAxis)).toBe('-2.54')
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(0, negativeAxis)).toBe('E+02 0.00')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps plain axes at two decimals and removes negative zero', () => {
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(99.99, { axisMin: 0, axisMax: 99.99 })).toBe('99.99')
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(0.01, { axisMin: 0, axisMax: 0.01 })).toBe('0.01')
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(-0.001, { axisMin: -1, axisMax: 1 })).toBe('0.00')
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(Number.NaN)).toBe('NaN')
+    expect(formatScientificYAxisLabel(Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY)).toBe('Infinity')
+  })
+
+  it('formats tooltip and raw values for their display contexts', () => {
+    expect(formatTooltipNumber(12345.67891)).toBe('12,345.6789')
+    expect(formatTooltipNumber(-0)).toBe('0')
+    expect(formatTooltipNumber(Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY)).toBe('Infinity')
+    expect(formatPlainNumber(0.0000001)).toBe('0.0000001')
+    expect(formatPlainNumber(1e21)).toBe('1000000000000000000000')
+    expect(formatPlainNumber(-0)).toBe('0')
+  })
+
+  it('formats annotation time in the selected unit without changing source seconds', () => {
+    expect(formatAnnotationTime(1, 'ms')).toBe('1000.000')
+    expect(formatAnnotationTime(1, 's')).toBe('1.000')
+    expect(formatAnnotationTime(-0, 'ms')).toBe('0.000')
+    expect(formatAnnotationTime(Number.NaN, 's')).toBe('NaN')
+  })
+})
--- a/src/utils/formatters.ts
+++ b/src/utils/formatters.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/**
+ * 时间单位类型
+ */
+export type TimeUnit = 'ms' | 's'
+
+export interface ScientificYAxisLabelOptions {
+  precision?: number
+  axisMin?: number
+  axisMax?: number
+  topTickValue?: number
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_Y_AXIS_PRECISION = 2
+const SCIENTIFIC_MIN_ABSOLUTE_VALUE = 0.01
+const SCIENTIFIC_MAX_PLAIN_ABSOLUTE_VALUE = 100
+const TOOLTIP_NUMBER_FORMATTER = new Intl.NumberFormat('zh-CN', {
+  maximumFractionDigits: 4,
+})
+
+function formatFixedNumber(value: number, precision: number): string {
+  const formatted = value.toFixed(Math.max(0, precision))
+  return /^-0(?:\.0+)?$/.test(formatted) ? formatted.slice(1) : formatted
+}
+
+/** Whether an axis magnitude should use one shared scientific exponent. */
+export function shouldUseScientificYAxisLabel(maxAbsoluteValue: number): boolean {
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(maxAbsoluteValue) &&
+    (maxAbsoluteValue >= SCIENTIFIC_MAX_PLAIN_ABSOLUTE_VALUE ||
+      (maxAbsoluteValue > 0 && maxAbsoluteValue < SCIENTIFIC_MIN_ABSOLUTE_VALUE))
+  )
+}
+
+function resolveScientificExponent(axisMin?: number, axisMax?: number): number | null {
+  if (typeof axisMin !== 'number' || typeof axisMax !== 'number') return null
+
+  const maxAbsoluteValue = Math.max(Math.abs(axisMin), Math.abs(axisMax))
+  return shouldUseScientificYAxisLabel(maxAbsoluteValue)
+    ? Math.floor(Math.log10(maxAbsoluteValue))
+    : null
+}
+
+function formatExponent(exponent: number): string {
+  const sign = exponent >= 0 ? '+' : '-'
+  return `E${sign}${Math.abs(exponent).toString().padStart(2, '0')}`
+}
+
+/** Format a Y-axis tick, sharing one exponent derived from the complete axis domain. */
+export function formatScientificYAxisLabel(
+  value: number,
+  options: ScientificYAxisLabelOptions = {},
+): string {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return String(value)
+
+  const precision = options.precision ?? DEFAULT_Y_AXIS_PRECISION
+  const exponent = resolveScientificExponent(options.axisMin, options.axisMax)
+  const scaledValue = exponent === null ? value : value / 10 ** exponent
+  const formattedValue = formatFixedNumber(scaledValue, precision)
+
+  return exponent !== null && value === options.topTickValue
+    ? `${formatExponent(exponent)} ${formattedValue}`
+    : formattedValue
+}
+
+/** Format tooltip values as localized plain numbers with at most four decimal places. */
+export function formatTooltipNumber(value: number): string {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return String(value)
+  if (Object.is(value, -0)) return '0'
+  return TOOLTIP_NUMBER_FORMATTER.format(value)
+}
+
+/** Convert a number to complete plain decimal text without forcing exponential notation. */
+export function formatPlainNumber(value: number): string {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return String(value)
+  if (Object.is(value, -0)) return '0'
+
+  const [mantissaPart, exponentPart] = value.toExponential().split('e')
+  const exponent = Number(exponentPart)
+  const isNegative = mantissaPart.startsWith('-')
+  const digits = mantissaPart.replace('-', '').replace('.', '')
+  const decimalIndex = exponent + 1
+  let plainText: string
+
+  if (decimalIndex <= 0) {
+    plainText = `0.${'0'.repeat(Math.abs(decimalIndex))}${digits}`
+  } else if (decimalIndex >= digits.length) {
+    plainText = `${digits}${'0'.repeat(decimalIndex - digits.length)}`
+  } else {
+    plainText = `${digits.slice(0, decimalIndex)}.${digits.slice(decimalIndex)}`
+  }
+
+  return `${isNegative ? '-' : ''}${plainText}`
+}
+
+/**
+ * 根据时间单位转换显示值
+ * @param value 原始时间值（秒）
+ * @param timeUnit 时间单位
+ * @returns 转换后的显示值
+ */
+export function displayTime(value: number, timeUnit: TimeUnit): number {
+  return timeUnit === 'ms' ? value * 1000 : value
+}
+
+/**
+ * 计算端点标签的小数位数
+ * @param domain 数据域 [最小值, 最大值]
+ * @param timeUnit 时间单位
+ * @returns 小数位数
+ */
+export function endpointFractionDigits(domain: [number, number], timeUnit: TimeUnit): number {
+  const displayedSpan = Math.abs(
+    displayTime(domain[1], timeUnit) - displayTime(domain[0], timeUnit),
+  )
+  if (!Number.isFinite(displayedSpan) || displayedSpan <= 0) return 0
+  return Math.min(4, Math.max(0, Math.ceil(-Math.log10(displayedSpan / 100))))
+}
+
+/**
+ * 格式化端点时间（动态精度，本地化格式）
+ * @param value 时间值（秒）
+ * @param domain 数据域
+ * @param timeUnit 时间单位
+ * @returns 格式化的时间字符串
+ */
+export function formatEndpointTime(
+  value: number,
+  domain: [number, number],
+  timeUnit: TimeUnit,
+): string {
+  const displayValue = displayTime(value, timeUnit)
+  const digits = endpointFractionDigits(domain, timeUnit)
+
+  // 如果是整数值且计算出的小数位数会导致显示小数，则强制为0
+  if (displayValue === Math.floor(displayValue) && digits > 0) {
+    return displayValue.toLocaleString('zh-CN', {
+      minimumFractionDigits: 0,
+      maximumFractionDigits: 0,
+    })
+  }
+
+  return displayValue.toLocaleString('zh-CN', {
+    minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+    maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * 格式化坐标轴时间（整数，本地化格式）
+ * @param value 时间值（秒）
+ * @param timeUnit 时间单位
+ * @returns 格式化的时间字符串
+ */
+export function formatAxisTime(value: number, timeUnit: TimeUnit): string {
+  const displayValue = displayTime(value, timeUnit)
+  return displayValue.toLocaleString('zh-CN', {
+    maximumFractionDigits: 0,
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * 格式化悬浮提示时间（4 位小数，本地化格式）
+ * @param value 时间值（秒）
+ * @param timeUnit 时间单位
+ * @returns 格式化的时间字符串
+ */
+export function formatTooltipTime(value: number, timeUnit: TimeUnit): string {
+  const displayValue = displayTime(value, timeUnit)
+  return displayValue.toLocaleString('zh-CN', {
+    minimumFractionDigits: 4,
+    maximumFractionDigits: 4,
+  })
+}
+
+/** Format an annotation X coordinate in the selected display time unit. */
+export function formatAnnotationTime(value: number, timeUnit: TimeUnit): string {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return String(value)
+  return formatFixedNumber(displayTime(value, timeUnit), 3)
+}
--- a/src/utils/geometry.ts
+++ b/src/utils/geometry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import type { WaveformDisplayMode } from '@/types'
+
+/**
+ * 轨道几何信息
+ */
+export interface TrackGeometry {
+  /** 轨道间距 */
+  gap: number
+  /** 坐标轴区域高度 */
+  axisBand: number
+  /** 单个轨道高度 */
+  height: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * 计算轨道布局几何信息
+ * @param trackCount 轨道数量
+ * @param displayMode 显示模式
+ * @param innerHeight 可用高度
+ * @returns 轨道几何信息
+ */
+export function resolveTrackGeometry(
+  trackCount: number,
+  displayMode: WaveformDisplayMode,
+  innerHeight: number,
+): TrackGeometry {
+  if (trackCount <= 0) return { gap: 0, axisBand: 0, height: 0 }
+
+  const desiredGap = displayMode === 'compact' ? 0 : displayMode === 'separated' ? 16 : 14
+  const desiredAxisBand = displayMode === 'independent' ? 30 : 0
+  const desiredReserve = (trackCount - 1) * (desiredGap + desiredAxisBand)
+  const maximumReserve = innerHeight * 0.45
+  const reserveScale = desiredReserve > maximumReserve ? maximumReserve / desiredReserve : 1
+  const gap = desiredGap * reserveScale
+  const axisBand = desiredAxisBand * reserveScale
+  const height = Math.max(1, (innerHeight - (trackCount - 1) * (gap + axisBand)) / trackCount)
+
+  return { gap, axisBand, height }
+}
+
+/**
+ * 限制数值在指定范围内
+ * @param value 待限制的值
+ * @param min 最小值
+ * @param max 最大值
+ * @returns 限制后的值
+ */
+export function clamp(value: number, min: number, max: number): number {
+  return Math.min(Math.max(value, min), max)
+}
--- a/src/utils/index.ts
+++ b/src/utils/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/**
+ * 工具函数模块统一导出
+ */
+
+// 域计算工具
+export { paddedDomain, buildMinorTicks } from './domain'
+
+// 格式化工具
+export {
+  displayTime,
+  endpointFractionDigits,
+  formatEndpointTime,
+  formatAxisTime,
+  formatTooltipTime,
+  formatAnnotationTime,
+  formatPlainNumber,
+  formatScientificYAxisLabel,
+  formatTooltipNumber,
+  shouldUseScientificYAxisLabel,
+  type ScientificYAxisLabelOptions,
+  type TimeUnit,
+} from './formatters'
+
+// 几何计算工具
+export { resolveTrackGeometry, clamp, type TrackGeometry } from './geometry'
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`export { default as WaveformTooltip } from './WaveformTooltip.vue'`
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`export { default as WaveformTrack } from './WaveformTrack.vue'`